英文文献读书笔记.doc

Planning to fail:An Analysis on Economic Planning Failure in Developing Countries
ABSTRACT
Economic planning is a term used to describe the long term plans of an incumbent government to manage the economy. Planning is defined as conceiving, initiating, regulating and controlling economic activity by the state according to set priorities with a view to achieving well-defined objectives within a given time. The provision of a regulatory regime that promotes rather than constrains economic growth is an important part of good governance. The ability of the state to provide effective regulatory can be expected to be a determinant of how well markets and the economy perform. The most important prerequisite of economic development is the aspiring nation's access to the discoveries of modern science and innovators to adapt these discoveries to the needs of marketplace. This paper is rich in issues that relates to avoiding failure of economic plans. The paper targets developing nations, as they have fewer resources to fund failure. The paper concludes by emphasizing on monitoring of government plans for desirable results.

INTRODUCTION
This term,I have read an economic article : Planning to Fail: An Analysis on Economic Planning Failure in Developing Countries.This paper was developed on the original article (A Glimpse on Economic Planning Failure) submitted to the Zimbabwe Economic Society, and published on the Financial Gazzette on 4 Dec 2009.
The author is Wellington Garikai Bonga who is a regular researcher on Development & Social Issues, Financial Markets, Monetary Economics and Taxation. The author holds a PhD Economics (AIU), MBA (ZOU), MSc Economics (UZ) and BSc (Hons) Economics (UZ). He is eager to learn new things and develop ability to conduct quality research in a multiple discipline.A number of his articles is about social economic,such as Applicability of Keynesian Ideology in the Zimbabwe's Economic Growth Path , A Comprehensive Analysis of Interaction between Law and Economics.
The article in mainly about economic planning. There are 7 parts of the article which include Introduction, Development of plans, Essentials of economic planning, Assessing economic plans, Why economic plans fail,Ways to avoid failure of economic plans, Conclusion besides the abstract and references.
In the beginning, Various governments undertake economic plans but surprisingly, some plans are not followed or something that is not on the plan happens or there is failure to follow the plan. With time goes by, people realize that how to making a economic plan. According to Professor Dickinson, economic planning is the making of major economic decisions by a determinate authority on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the economy as a whole.
Then, The process of economic plans’ development. Since the end of World War II, it has become an accepted practice among the governments of the developing countries to publish their “development plans.First and foremost, people have to know how economic plans are developed.The aim is to select a period long enough to include projects spanning a number of budget years but not so long as to delay periodic assessment of the development effort stretching over a series of plans. But issues that have been raised by citizens today are incorporated in tomorrow’s plans. According to Ukertor (2012), the ultimate aim of governments worldwide is to achieve sustainable improvement in the quality of life of its citizenry. Hence, countries no matter their size or developmental status strive to achieve some level of consistency in development planning and good governance. However, Ukertor (2012) insisted that achieving the goals of governance requires that deliberate plan of action be set out to guide government throughout the process.
Policies are products of planning. According to Arthur Lewis, a development plan may consist of the following parts:
• Survey of current economic conditions
• List of proposed public expenditures
• Discussion of likely development in private sector
• Macro economic projections of the economy
• Review of government policies.
Assessing economic plans after they had been done, Measuring performance in the private sector is straightforward. Economic planning is done just to offer as a standard of measuring efficiency.
We have to consider a question why economic fail, there are some reasons caused the failure: poor timing, poor implementation of instruments, natural disaster and lack of information, political influence.
How to avoid failure of economic plans is a big challenge for makers.

Consultation is crucial in the planning process. However, having a wide coverage of consultation in the planning process will not necessarily result in having a better economic outcome, when the needed frameworks such as institutional quality are not in congruence. When the planning process involves low consultation and weak institutions, there will be‘shallow’ planning with its resultant effect: poor economic outcomes. Therefore in this case, minimal coverage and low consultation in
the planning process will not be adequate to support desired outcomes. This may also worsened by weak institutions.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, economic planning can be successful if appropriate economic models are used, if economic decisions are made by economists and not politicians or through effective consultation, if there is increased cooperation between various economic agents, if credibility is restored, commitment is improved (drawing from the Ottawa Commitment of 2002) and when decision lags are minimised. Evaluation and monitoring are components of a good planning model, which involves comparing the desired expectation with the actual.
One of readers asked the author what are the main causes of economic planning failure? The response is , many policies are failing, yet better results are eagerly waited from them.
In my opinion, the article have its own policy implication, outside and inside significance, which had figured out the key of economic planning and the experience of economic planning failure. From the article, not only did I learn English, but also macro-economics.