句子各成分构成.doc

句式结构
句子成分---构成句子的各个部分，有主要次要之分。主要：主语和谓语。
次要：其他
主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补足语 同位语
1. 主语
定义：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
表现形式：
名词：Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.
代词：We often speak English.
数词：Two times five is ten.
不定式：To swim in the lake is a pleasure.
动名词：Smoking does harm to the health.
名词化的形容词： The rich should help the poor.
从句： Whether he'll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
It做形式主语：It is a pity that he can't swim.
2. 谓语
定义：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征或状态，一般位于主语之后。
构成：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.
She takes good care of her sick mother.
复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.
由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.
3. 表语
定义：说明主语的身份，特征和状态。 一般位于系动词之后。
表现形式：
名词：He is an astronaut.
代词：She is mine.
形容词：The weather has turned cold.
分词：The speech is exciting.
数词：He is always the first to enter the office.
不定式：His job is to reach English.
动名词：His hobby is playing basketball.
介词短语：He is against your plan.
副词：The class is over.
表语从句：The truth is that he has never been abroad.
4. 宾语
定义：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后，但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
表现形式：
名词：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
代词：We should learn from him.
数词： How many dictionaries do you have?
I have five.
名词化的形容词或分词：We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately.
不定式（短语）：She didn't know what to do next.
动名词（短语）：I enjoy speaking English everyday.
从句：He asked whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
宾语的种类
1. 直接宾语：表示动作的承受者，通常指物。
I borrowed a book.
2. 间接宾语：表示动作所向的或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于直接宾语之后，但此时需要在它的前面加介词to。
The company sent us a few computers last year.
5.宾语补足语
有些动词除了跟宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语，一般紧跟在宾语后。宾语和宾语补足语一起就叫做复合宾语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为某些及物动词+直接宾语（名词或代词）+宾语补足语
表现形式：
名词（包括名词性物主代词）：We consider Mr. Zhang an excellent teacher.
形容词：We believed the report untrue.
不定式：Nobody noticed him enter the room.
See, have, let, make, watch, notice, hear, observe等动词后的宾语补足语用不定式表示时，可以不加to.
分词：I heard her singing an English song.
At that time we were there and saw it done.
用as引出：I look upon him as my teacher.
介词短语：Whenever you may go, you will find him at work.
副词：Let the fresh air in.
从句：We will soon make our city what your city is now.
注：
当宾语部分为短语或句子时为了保证句子整体平衡，可以将宾语部分放在句末，前面用it做形式宾语。能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语it, 然后再用真正宾语的动词并不多，常见的又think, find, consider, judge, feel, make, take等。
They thought it right to do this test.
5. 定语
定义：修饰名词代词的词，短语或者从句
表现形式：
形容词：Guilin is a beautiful city.
分词：This is the bridge built last year.
China is a developing country.
名词：There are thirty women teachers in our school.
代词：His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
数词：More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
名词所有格：Mary’s parents have gone abroad.
不定式：Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
动名词：The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.
介词短语：Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
副词（多用于被修饰名词之后）：The noise outside makes him turn around.
从句：There is nothing that worries him.
6. 状语
定义：修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。
表现形式：
副词：Light travels most quickly.
介词短语：He has lived in the city for ten years.
不定式：The box is too heavy for me to lift.
分词：He is in the room making a model plane.
名词：Would you please come this way?
从句：It is very difficult to live where there is little water.
状语种类：
时间状语：When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.
原因状语：Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
条件状语：I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
地点状语：Where there is a will, there is a way.
方式状语：She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
伴随状语：She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
目的状语：In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
结果状语：He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
让步状语：She works very hard though she is old.
程度状语：I quite agree with you.
比较状语：I am taller than he is.

符合各种不同用法习惯的常用动词：
常作连系动词的动词:
表示特征或状态存在的:
Appear, be, fee, look, ring, seem, smell, sound, stand, taste
表示特征或状态持续的：
Continue, keep, prove, remain, rest, stay, turn (out)
表示特征或状态变化的：
Become, come, fall, get, grow, go, make, run, turn, wear等
间接宾语可用to引出的常用动词：V+直宾+to+间宾
Allow, award, bring, do, give, grant, hand, lend, leave, make, offer, pay, pass, play, post, promise, put, read, recommend, return, sell, send, serve, show, sing, take, teach, tell, throw, wish, write
间接宾语可用for引出的常用动词：V+直宾+for+间宾
Boil, bring, build, buy, call, cash, choose, cook, cut, do, fetch, find, get, grow, keep, leave, make, order, paint, prepare,, reach, reserve, save, sing, write
常见以带to的不定式做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+to do sth
Advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, compel, enable, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, intend, invite, like, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, promise, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, want, warn, wish
常见的以to be + 形容词做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+to be adj.
Believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, know, presume, report, suppose, take, think, understand
常见的以不带to的不定式做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+do sth
Bid, feel, have, hear, help, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch
能用分词做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+doing sth
Acknowledge, catch, declare, feel, find, get, have, hear, keep, make, mean, notice, see, send, set, smell, want, watch
能用名词做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+ sth
Appoint, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, find, judge, label, leave, make, name, nominate, proclaim, pronounce, term, vote
可用形容词做宾语补语的动词: V+宾语+ adj
Beat, believe, boil, consider, cut, drink, drive, dye, fancy, find, fling, get, have, hold, hammer, imagine, keep, leave, let, like, make, open, paint, prove, push, set, shout, suppose, sweep, think, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish
可用as做宾语补语的动词V+宾语+as n.
Acknowledge, accept, class, characterize, consider, describe, hire, imagine, know, recognize, regard, see, take, treat, use
可用介词或副词做宾语补语的动词:
Consider, find, hear, het, make