名词-翻译-词汇.doc

名词
1 专有名词 (人名,地名.其他)
Mr Zhang Bill Gates Thomas Edison Dr. Smith …..
Italy Beijing the Summer Palace the Great Wall……
July New Years’ Day Children’s Day (大写第一个字母)
2 可数与不可数名词
名词复数的变化: apple—apples bag—bags
Box—boxes bus—buses brush—brushes
Piano—pianos photo—photos (tomato—tomatoes/Negro/potato/hero)
Leaf—leaves knife—knives life half thief self wolf
( chief—chiefs proof—proofs belief—beliefs )
Baby—babies country—countries city—cities dictionary—dictionaries
名词复数的不规则变化:
Foot—feet man—men mouse—mice tooth—teeth policeman—policemen
Ox—oxen child—children
(deer—deer fish—fish sheep—sheep/means—means )
某国人单复数 Chinese Japanese/ Swiss—swiss
词尾加S (German—Germans American—Americans Roman—Romans Australian—Australians Indian—Indians ussian—Russians)
变man 为men (Frenchman—Frenchmen Englishman—Englishmen)
A man teacher— men teachers a woman doctor--- women doctors
3 不可数名词的数: ( information furniture clothing knowledge bread homework damage food hair soil population water)
借助单位词表示数量
A cup of tea a glass of water two pieces of news a pair of trousers five bags of rice

一、前缀"in-, im-, il-, ir-"可放在一些形容词前表否定

　　1. 作为否定词缀"in-"通常放在以"a, c, d, e, f, i, n, o, p, s, t, v"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

　　articulate →inarticulate(不善于表达的)

　　considerate →inconsiderate(不体谅别人的)

　　credible →incredible(难以置信的)

　　discreet →indiscreet(不慎重的)

　　exact →inexact(不准确的)

　　frequent →infrequent(不常发生的)

　　2. 作为否定词缀"im-"通常只放在以"m, p"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

　　mature →immature(不成熟的)

　　measurable →immeasurable(不可估量的)

　　partial →impartial(不偏不倚的)

　　patient →impatient(不耐烦的)

　　3. 作为否定词缀"il-"通常只放在以"l"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

　　legal →illegal(不合法的)

　　legible →illegible(无法辨识的)

　　4. 作为否定词缀"ir-"通常只放在以"r"为首字母的形容词前,例如:

　　relevant →irrelevant(不相关的)

　　reverent →irreverent(不恭的)

　　二、前缀"un-"也可放在一些形容词前表否定作为否定词缀"un-"通常放在以"k, l, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y"等为首字母的形容词前,例如:

　　wise →unwise(不明智的)

　　forgettable →unforgettable(难忘的)

　　"un-"也可放在一些动词前构成该动词的反义词,例如:

　　dress(穿衣服)→undress(脱衣服)

　　tie(系,捆,束)→untie(松开,解开)

　　三、前缀"dis-"可放在一些形容词和动词前构成与该词含义相反的新词

　　loyal →disloyal(不忠诚的)

　　pleased →displeased(不高兴的)

　　like →dislike(不喜欢)

　　appear →disappear(消失)

　　四、前缀"mis-"可放在一些动词前表示"错误地……,糟糕地……"

　　understand →misunderstand(误解)

　　use →misuse(滥用)

　　lead →mislead(误导)

　　五、后缀"-less"可放在一些动词和名词后构成形容词,表示"没有……,不能……"

　　pity →pitiless(无情的)

　　home →homeless(无家可归的)

　　tire →tireless(不知疲倦的)

　　reck→reckless(不计后果的)

　　提示:具体哪个单词用哪个否定词缀,正如本文所述,有一定规律可循,但这些又不是绝对的规律很多单词都需要我们分别记忆。所以对否定词缀的掌握,多看、多练是十分必要的。

　　考考你

　　用下列句子前括号里单词的适当形式填空。

　　1. (fear) John gave the chairman his honest opinion, _____ of the result.

　　2. (end) I’m fed up with your ____ complaining.

　　3. (close) The lifting of the curtain ____ a beautiful winter scene.

　　4. (appoint) My parents were _____ with me because I failed the exam.

　　5. (spell) The book contains quite a few _____ words; the proof- reader really should have been more careful.

　　6. (understand) Don’t ____ his si-lence for lack of interest; actually he is very interested in the subject we are discussing now.

　　7. (load) The American ship arrived at the port yesterday, and workers are _____ its contents in the harbor now.

　　8. (certain) I had a long talk with him yesterday, but I’m still _____ about his intention.

　　9. (regular) That young mother does not like _____ working hours.

　　10. proper) Joking with other persons at this official celebration is _____ behavior for such a serious occasion.

　　参考答案

　　1. fearless 句意：约翰不惧后果，如实地向主席说出了自己的看法。2. endless 句意：我对你无休止的抱怨厌倦透了。

　　3. disclosed 句意：卷起窗帘后，一幅美丽的冬景展现在眼前。

　　4. disappointed 句意：父母对我考试失利很失望。

　　5. misspelt 句意：这本书中有很多拼错了的单词，校对员真应该再仔细些。

　　6. misunderstand 句意：不要错把他的沉默当成不感兴趣，实际上他对我们目前正在讨论的问题很感兴趣。

　　7. unloading 句意：这艘美国船是昨天抵达港口的，现在工人们正在卸船上的货物。

　　8. uncertain 句意：昨天我跟他谈了很久，但我现在仍不确定他的意图。

　　9. irregular 句意：那位年轻母亲不喜欢没有规律的工作时间。

　　10. improper 句意：在这样的官方庆典上与别人开玩笑，对于这种严肃的场合来说是很不合适的行为.
　1. She used to help my brother, who was very kind of her.

　　改：将who改为which。

　　析：犯这类错误的主要原因是把my brother错当成了先行词。关系代词which指代的先行词是整个主句，它引导非限定性定语从句。

　　2. Do you still remember the day when we spent together in China last year？

　　改：将when改为that/which或将 when删除。

　　析：犯这类错误的主要原因是没有弄清关系代词与关系副词的用法区别。不能因为先行词表示时间就一定用关系副词when， 而要学会准确把握句子的结构，正确分析句子的成分。例句中定语从句要用关系代词引导，并在定语从句中作spent的宾语。

　　3. The way which you look at problems is wrong.

　　改：在which前加in或者将which改为that，也可将which删除。

　　析：当先行词是the way时，定语从句常用that/in which引导，that/in which也可省略。

　　4. We were interested in the things and people whom we saw during the trip.

　　改：将whom改为that。

　　析：当先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句用关系代词that引导，that作宾语时可省略。

　　5. It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.

　　改：将where改为that。

　　析：犯这类错误的主要原因是把强调句型与定语从句混为一谈了。例句为强调句型，强调的是地点状语in the kitchen。

　　6. Is this factory that you have been working in since your graduation?

　　改：在that前加the one。

　　析：犯这类错误的原因是把this factory错看作是定语从句的先行词了。解答这类题时，我们不妨先将疑问语序改为陈述语序。this factory是主句的主语，故应添加the one作定语从句的先行词。当然，在factory前加the也可以，那么this是主语，the factory是表语。

　　7. He is such a lazy man as no one wants to work with him.

　　改：将him删除或将as改为that。

　　析：犯这类错误的主要原因是把such 。.. as 。..和such 。.. that 。..两个句型混淆了。

　　8. There are many books in the library, most of which is in Chinese.

　　改：将is改为are。

　　析：关系代词作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。例句中关系代词which指代的是先行词books，故从句谓语动词应用复数形式。

　　9. I am terribly sorry for having broken the MP4 I borrowed it from you the other day.

　　改：去掉it。

　　析：定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当一定的成分，因此从句中不能再出现与关系代词指代相同的代词或名词，以避免重复。例句中it与省略了的关系代词that/which重复，应去掉。

1. welcome to sp欢迎到某地

　　Eg. Welcome to China.

　　2. What’s the matter with sb./ sth?

　　出什么毛病了？

　　Eg. What’s the matter with your watch?

　　3. be different from 与---不同

　　Eg. The weather in Beijing is different from that of Nanjing.

　　4. be the same as 与……相同

　　Eg. His trousers are the same as mine.

　　5. be friendly to sb. 对某人友好

　　Eg. Mr. Wang is very friendly to us.

　　6. want to do sth. 想做某事

　　Eg. I want to go to school.

　　7. want sb. to do sth. 想让某人做某事

　　Eg. I want my son to go to school.

　　8. what to do做什么

　　Eg. We don’t know what to do next.

　　9. let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事

　　Eg. Let him enter the room.

　　10. let sb. not do sth. 让某人不做某人

　　Eg. Let him not stand in the rain.

　　11. why don’t you do sth?

　　怎么不做某事呢？ =

　　Eg. Why don’t you play football with us?

　　12. why not do sth.? 怎么不做某事呢？

　　Eg. Why not play football with us?

　　13. make sb. sth. 为某人制造某物=

　　Eg. My father made me a kite.

　　14. make sth for sb. 为某人制造某物

　　Eg. My father made a kite for me.

　　15. What …mean by …？

　　做……是什么意思？

　　Eg. What do you mean by doing that?

　　16. like doing sth. 喜爱做某事

　　Eg. Jim likes swimming.

　　17. like to do sth.喜爱做某事

　　Eg. He doesn’t like to swim now.

　　18. feel like doing sth. 想做某事

　　Eg. I feel like eating bananas.

　　19. would like to do sth. 愿意做某事

　　Eg. Would you like to go rowing with me?

　　20. would like sb. to do sth. 愿意某人做某事

　　Eg. I’d like you to stay with me tonight.

　　21. make sb. do sth. 逼使某人做某事

　　Eg. His brother often makes him stay in the sun.

　　22. let sb. do sth.让某人做某事

　　Eg. Let me sing a song for you.

　　23. have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

　　Eg. You shouldn’t have the students work so hard.

　　24. be far from sp离某地远

　　Eg. His school is far from his home.

　　25. be near to sp离某地近

　　Eg. The hospital is near to the post office.

　　26. be good at sth./doing sth.

　　擅长某事/做某事

　　Eg. We are good at English.

　　They are good at boating.

　　27. It takes sb. some time to do sth.

　　某人花多少时间做某事

　　Eg. It took me more than a year to learn to draw a beautiful horse in five minutes.

　　28. sb. spends some time/money （in ）doing sth.

　　某人花多少时间做某事

　　Eg. I spent twenty years in writing the novel.

　　29. sb. spends some time/money on sth

　　某事花了某人多少时间/金钱

　　Eg. Jim spent 1000 yuan on the bike.

　　30. sth. costs sb. some money.

　　某物花了某人多少钱

　　Eg. The bike cost Jim 1000 yuan.

　　31. sb. pays some money for sth.

　　某人为某物付了多少钱

　　Eg. Jim paid 1000 yuan for the bike.

　　32. begin/start with sth. 开始做某事

　　Eg. The started the meeting with a song.

　　33. be going to do sth. 打算做某事

　　Eg. We are going to study in Japan.

　　34. call A B叫A B

　　Eg. They called the village Gumtree.

　　35. thank sb. for sth./doing sth.

　　感谢某人做某事

　　Eg. Thank you for your help.

　　Thank you for helping me.

　　36. What ……for? 为什么

　　Eg. What do you learn English for?

　　37. How/ what about doing sth.？

　　做某事怎么样？

　　Eg. How about going fishing?

　　38. S +be+ the+最高级+of/in短语=

　　Eg. Lucy is the tallest in her class.

　　39. S + be +比较级+than any other + n.

　　Eg. Lucy is taller than any other student in her class.

　　40. have to do sth.不得不做某事

　　Eg. I have to go home now.

　　41. had better do sth. 最好做某事

　　Eg. You’d better study hard at English.

　　42. had better not do sth. 最好别做某事

　　Eg. You’d better not stay up.

　　43. help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事

　　Eg. Lucy often helps Lily to wash her clothes.

　　44. help sb. do sth.帮助某人做某事

　　Eg. He usually helps me learn English.

　　45. help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事

　　Eg. I sometimes help my mother with the housework.

　　46. make it +时间把时间定在几点

　　Eg. Let’s make it 8:30.

　　47. take sb. to sp带某人到某地

　　Eg. Mr. Wang will take us to the Summer Palace next Sunday.

　　49. have nothing to do （with sb）

　　与某人没有关系

　　Eg. That has nothing to do with me.

　　50. 主语+ don’t think + 从句

　　认为……不……

　　Eg. I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.

　1. 扩词

　　拉长：

　　A girl

　　----a beautiful girl

　　----- a beautiful and smart girl

　　-----a beautiful and smart girl named Helen

　　加长：

　　Play football

　　----play football on the playground

　　----play football on the playground with great effort

　　2.扩句

　　拉长+加长

　　A boy is eating。

　　---- A foreign boy is eating。

　　----A foreign boy, sitting at the table,is eating。

　　----A foreign boy, sitting at the table, is eating a bowl of noodles。

　　----A foreign boy, sitting at the table, is eating a bowl of noodles with two forks。

　　----A foreign boy, sitting at the table, is eating a bowl of noodles with two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks

　　3.改写句子，制造亮点

　　I love you.----It’s you that I love.—It’s you that I do love。

　　To be or not to be, that is a question(莎士比亚)

　　--- To study or not to study, that is a question

　　--- To love or not to love, that is a question。

　　--- To go or not to go, that is a question

　　--- To play or not to play, that is a question。

　　4.运用黄金句式

　　It is no use (good) doing… ……是没用的

　　It is no use complaining。

　　It is no use crying。

　　It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules。

　　It is + time since…

　　我已经有两年没见他了。

　　It is two years since I last met him。

　　It is…that…

　　我最珍视的是友谊。

　　It is friendship that I value most。

　　5.运用万能公式

　　a. It is said that … 据说，听说

　　It is reported that … 据报道

　　It is widely known that … 众所周知，大家都知道

　　It is said that a boy’s life was taken away by H1N1.

　　b. In my eyes, + 句子 在我眼中……

　　In my opinion, + 句子 在我看来……

　　As far as I know,+句子 据我所知……

　　In my eyes,Xishi is the most beautiful girl in the world。

　　c. From this picture we can see that + 句子 从……中我们可以看出

　　6.运用名言，谚语

　　A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情

　　The happiness will come when the pain leaves. 苦尽甘来

　　The winter is coming and the spring is not far 冬天已经临近了，春天还会远吗？

　　As long as we work hard, we can make the impossible possible 只要我们努力，就能变不可能为可能。

　　Practice makes perfect! 熟能生巧

几种带有否定词的比较句型
时间：2011-07-20作者：匿名来源：北京新东方论坛
　　英语中表示比较的句型相当多，如果句型中插进了一个否定词，其意义和用法就很难掌握，下面介绍几种常见的表达方式：

　　1．no better than：表示“和……一样；实际等

　　于……”，如：

　　He is no better than a beggar. 他实际上等于一个乞丐。

　　The invalid is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的情况和昨天一样。

　　He has no better a say in the matter than I have. 他和我一样在这件事上没有发言权。

　　2．not. . . any more than或no more. . . than：表示“同……一样不”，如：

　　I could no more do that than you. I could not do that any more than you. 你不能做这件事，我也不能做。

　　He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar. 我不是一个学者，他也不是一个诗人。

　　This story is no more interesting than that one. 这个故事和那个故事一样没有趣味。

　　He is no more able to read German than I am. 他和我一样都不懂德语。

　　3．not so much. . . as：表示“与其……不如……”

　　He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 他与其说是个作家，不如说是个记者。

　　Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.

　　你的解释没有起到启发作用，反而把我们弄糊涂了。

　　Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分隔了世界，不如说海洋联结了世界。

　　I don't so much dislike him as hate him. 我与其说不喜欢他，不如说我恨他。

　　4．nothing like：表示“没有什么能比得上……”

　　There is nothing like home. 金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。

　　There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit. 没有比散步来保持健康更好的了。

　　There is nothing like leather for shoes. 做鞋用皮革再好没有了。

　　5．nothing like（或near）as（或so）... as：表示“远远不像……那样”

　　This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one. 这篇小说远远不及那篇小说有趣。

　　The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没有我想像的那么难懂。

　　His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours. 他对这首诗的分析远没有你的分析那样透彻。

　　6．no less … than：表示“和……一样”

　　He is no less active than he used to be. 他和从前一样活跃。

　　His mind is no less alert than yours. 他的思路和你的一样敏捷。

　　Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill. 我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战斗技能。