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1、 专业英语 Lesson one The Earth Words: 8 specific gravity 地心引力，重力 atmosphere 大气 hydrosphere 水圈 carbon dioxide CO2 water vapor 水汽，水蒸汽 solar radiation 太阳辐射 oceanic basins 大洋盆地 geologic agent 地质营力 sediment 沉积物 geologist 地质学家 mid-ocean ridges 洋中脊 Sentences: From classical times it
2、has been known that the earth is roughly spherical in shape. Actually the planet is shaped more like a slightly flattened ball whose polar radius is about 21km shorter than its equatorial radius. The average radius is 6371km. The earth’s specific gravity is 5.5. It is 5.5 times as heavy as an equal
3、volume of water. The specific gravity is greater than that of any other planet in the solar system, but not appreciably different from that of Mercury, Venus and Mars. Because the average specific gravity of surface rocks is only about 2.7. The material existing deep within the earth must have a spe
4、cific gravity well in excess of the 5.5 average. Very likely, the material at the earth’s center has a specific gravity as high as about 15. 古时候地球一直被称为是大致为球形的形状。其实，地球的形状更像是一个稍扁球的极半径比赤道半径短约21km。平均半径6371公里。地球的比重是5.5。它是作为一个等量的水的5.5倍重。比重是大于任何其他行星在太阳系中，但略有不同的是，水星，金星和火星。由于表面的岩石的平均比重是只有大约2.7。在地球内部深处存在的材料必
5、须有超过5.5的平均比重。非常可能的是，在地球的中心的材料具有特别的比重可高达约15。 Water is an exceedingly important geologist agent. Glaciers composed of water in its solid form alter the shape of the land by scouring, transporting and depositing rock debris. Because water has the property of dissolving many natural compounds, it contr
6、ibutes significantly to the decomposition of rocks and, therefore, to the development of soils on which we depend for food. Water moving relentlessly down hill as sheetwash, in rills, and in streams loosens and carries away the particles of rock to lower elevations where they are deposited as layers
7、 of sediment. Clearly, the process of sculpturing our landcapes is primarily dependent upon water. 水是极其重要的地质营力。冰川是由水组成的，其固体形式的冰川改变土地形状通过淘刷，搬运和岩屑的沉积。因为水具有溶解许多天然化合物的性质，它具有显着的分解岩石的作用，因此，有助于我们赖以生存的食物生存大的土地的发展。水不懈地向下移动作为片流，小溪，松动并带着岩石颗粒向低海拔地区，作为沉积物的底层。显然，我们所看到的雕塑景观的过程是主要取决于水 。 Lesson two Common
8、 Minerals Words: quartz 石英 framework structure 架状结构 feldspar 长石 cleavage 解理 specimens 样品，标本 positive charge 正电荷 negative charge 负电荷 solid solution 固溶体 mica 云母 sheet structure 层状结构 igneous rock 火成岩 metamorphic rock 变质岩 hornblende 角闪石 augite 普通辉石 cross section 横截面，正交剖面 olivine 橄榄石，黄
9、绿 Sentences: Such minerals as chert, flint, jasper and agate are varieties of a form of quartz called chalcedony. Chalcedony is composed of extremely small fibrous crystals of quartz. The crystals are so tiny that their study often requires the use of an electronic microscope. Spaces between the
10、 crystals are usually occupied by water molecules. Among the varieties of chalcedony chert is exceptionally abundant in many sedimentary rock units. It is a dense, hard, usually white mineral or rock, flint is the popular name for the dark gray or black variety of chalcedony much used by stone-age h
11、umans for making tools. Jasper is recognized by its opaque appearance and red or yellow color derived from ironoxide impurities. The term agate is used for chalcedony that exhibits bands of differing color or texture. There are many other varieties of quartz minerals than those briefly mentioned her
12、e. 黑硅石，燧石，碧玉，玛瑙等矿物品种的石英称为玉髓的一种形式。玉髓是非常小的纤维状石英晶体组成。玉髓的晶体是如此的渺小，他们的研究经常需要使用的电子显微镜。晶体之间的空间通常是由水分子占据。各品种的玉髓中黑硅石在许多沉积岩石单元是非常丰富的。它是致密，坚硬，通常是白色的矿物或岩石，燧石通常是暗灰色或黑色，石器时代的人类常用它们来制作工具。碧玉可通过其具不透明的外观和红色或黄色氧化铁杂质来辨认。长期玛瑙是玉髓具有带不同颜色或纹理的。还有许多其他品种的石英矿物的这里只是简单地提到一些。 Identification of large specimens of mica is rarely
13、a problem because of its planar perfect cleavage and the way cleavage flakes snap back into place when they are bent and suddenly released. The micas are common constituents of igneous and metamorphic rocks, where they can be recognized by their shiny surfaces and the ease with which they can be plu
14、cked loose with a pin or pen knife. Before the manufacture of glass, one of the chief uses of muscovite mica was as window panes in Muscovy. This clear mica was quarried in Muscovy(俄国)(commonly name for Russia), and thus came to be known as “Muscovy glass” and eventually muscovite. Today, mica is us
15、ed in the manufacture of electrical insulators and as a filler in plaster, roofing products and rubber. 鉴定云母标本不是一个问题，因为它的平面的完美乳沟，裂解片弹回原处时，他们是弯曲的，和突然释放的方式很少见。云母是火成岩和变质岩常见的成分，，在那里他们可以识别其光亮的表面和易用性，使他们能够被拔除松动针或笔刀。在玻璃制造，白云母的主要用途之一是在莫斯科的窗玻璃。这种透明的云母开采莫斯科（俄国）（常用名俄罗斯），因此又被称为“莫斯科玻璃”，最终白云母。今天，云母制造的电绝缘体和石膏，屋面制
16、品和橡胶中作为填料使用。 Lesson Three Sedimentary Rocks Words: pre-existing rocks 原岩，先成岩 denudational 剥蚀作用的 coarse sediment 粗粒沉积物 sandy beaches 沙滩 deltas 三角洲 precipitation 沉淀作用 calcium carbonate 碳酸钙 limestone 石灰岩 compaction 压实作用 lithification 岩化 cementation 胶结作用，粘结 crystallization 结晶作用
17、 cement 胶结物 matrix基质 calcite 方解石 sandstone 砂岩 clastic texture 碎屑结构 clay 粘土 silt 粉砂 sand砂 gravel 砂砾，砾石 fossils 化石 Sentences: Once weathering products have been formed from pre-existing rocks, the next stage in the sequence of events leading to sedimentary rocks is the removal and tr
18、ansport of those products. Many denudational agencies, including running water, and moving ice, and wind assist in this removal. The wind is an effective agent in picking up and blowing away the smaller and lighter particles. Glacial ice can move very large pieces of rock and carry an immense load o
19、f coarse sediment. Streams are also exceptionally effective in carrying not only solid particles of sediment but invisible dissolved salts as well. Ultimately, sediment-laden streams flow into lakes or the sea and their load of sediment is deposited. It may form sandy beaches, silty flood-plains, an
20、d sometimes muddy boggy areas of estuaries and deltas. 一旦已形成了从预先存在的岩石，风化产物的的事件导致沉积岩序列的下一个阶段将是这些产品的拆卸和运输。许多的剥蚀机构，包括自来水，移动的冰，风协助在此删除。风是一种有效的代理拿起吹散颗粒更小，更轻。冰川移动非常大的岩石碎片和粗泥沙携带一个巨大的负荷。流也格外有效，不仅固体颗粒的沉淀物，但无形的溶解盐，以及在执行。最终，流入湖泊或大海的泥沙流和负载泥沙沉积。它可能会形成沙滩，粉质洪泛平原，有时是泥泞的沼泽地区的河口和三角洲。 Sedimentary rocks are identifie
21、d and named according to their composition and texture. In regard to composition, the three most abundant mineral components of sedimentary rocks are clay minerals, quartz and calcite. Evaporite minerals and dolomite, although less abundant, nevertheless form an appreciable portion of many sedimenta
22、ry sequences. Sedimentary rocks nearly always also contain variable amounts of limonite and hematite. A generalization one can make about the mineral composition of sedimentary rocks is that most are mixtures of two or more components in which one mineral may predominate. Thus, sandstones composed m
23、ostly of quartz grains nearly always contain some clay or calcite, and limestones made mostly of calcite neatly always are contaminated with clay and quartz grains. 沉积岩确定和命名根据其成分和质地。关于组成，三个最丰富的矿物成分为沉积岩粘土矿物，石英，方解石。蒸发岩矿物，白云石，虽然不太丰富，但许多沉积序列形成一个可观的部分。沉积岩几乎总是含有数量不等的褐铁矿和赤铁矿。一个概括的沉积岩石的矿物成分是一个可以让最多的是混合两种或两
24、种以上成分可能占主导地位，其中一个矿产。因此，砂岩主要由石英颗粒组成的，几乎总是包含一些粘土，方解石和石灰石主要是方解石，整齐总是用粘土和石英颗粒污染。 Lesson Four Movement and Geological Structures Words: Geological Structures 地质构造 structural geology 构造地质学 deformation 变形 plate tectonic 板块构造 stress 应力 compression 挤压 tension 拉张 shear 剪切 occurrence 产状
25、 strike 走向 dip 倾向 dip angle 倾角 three key elements of occurrence 产装三要素 fold 褶皱 fracture 断裂 plastic deformation 塑性变形 brittle deformation 脆性变形 core 核 limb 翼 crest 弧尖 hinge 枢纽 fold axis 褶皱轴 axial plane 轴面 axial trace 轴迹 anticline 背斜 syncline 向斜 symmetrical fold 对称褶皱 asymmetrical fold
26、非对称褶皱 vertical fold 直立褶皱 inclined fold 倾斜褶皱 overturned fold 倒转褶皱 recumbent fold 平卧褶皱 dome 穹 basin 盆 landform 地形 relief inversion 地形倒置，地貌倒置 cuesta 单面山 hogback 猪背岭 outcrop 露头 joint 节理 fault 断层 hanging wall 上盘 footwall 下盘 normal fault 正断层 reverse fault 逆断层 strike-slip fault 走滑断层，平移断层
27、 detachment fault 拆离断层 thrust fault 逆冲断层 overthrust fault 逆掩断层 nappe 推覆体 structural window 构造窗 klippe 飞来峰 horst 地垒 graben 地堑 slickenside 擦痕，摩擦镜面 fault breccia 断层角砾岩 fault gouge 断层泥 drag fold 拖曳褶皱 country rock 围岩 propagation fold 断层传播褶皱 fault bend fold 断层转折褶皱 contact relation 接触关系
28、conformity 整合 unconformity 不整合 disconformity 假整合 nonconformity 非整合 intrusive contact 侵入整合 structure porosity 结构孔隙度 tectonic(geotectonic) 大地构造学 Neptunism 水成论 Plutonism 火成论 Catastrophism 灾变论 Uniformitarianism 均变论 paleontology 古生物学 comparative anatomy 比较解剖学 Fixism 固定论 Mobilism 活动论 geosyn
29、cline 地槽 platform 地台 geological cycle 地质旋回 continental drift 大陆漂移 USGS=Unite States Geological Survey Sentences: In young mountains, during the early stages of folding and uplifting, the anticlines form ridges and the synclines form valleys. However, as tectonic activity moderates and erosio
30、n bites deeper into the structures, the anticlines may form valleys and the synclines form ridges or hills. This happens where the rocks (typically sedimentary rocks such as limestones, sandstone, and shales) exert strong control on topography by their variable resistance to erosion. If the rocks be
31、neath an anticline are mechanically weak, as shales are, the core of the anticline may be eroded into anticlinal valleys, the syncline between the two anticlines would be a synclinal ridge or synclinal hill. This landform, due to the geologic structural control, is called relief inversion. 在年轻的山脉，
32、在折叠和令人振奋的，背斜形式山脊和向斜形式山谷的早期阶段。然而，背斜的构造活动的温和派和侵蚀叮咬深入的结构，形成山谷和向斜形式的脊或山丘。这种情况出现的岩石（典型的沉积岩，如石灰岩，砂岩和页岩）施加强大的控制的可变电阻侵蚀地形。如果背斜构造的岩石的机械强度弱，页岩，背斜的核心可能被侵蚀到背斜山谷，两者之间的背斜向斜将是一个向斜脊或向斜山。这种地形，由于地质构造的控制，被称为救济反转。 A reverse fault at which the dip of the fault plane is small (usually <30°, but some geologists prefer <
33、15°), so that the hanging wall is pushed mainly horizontally, is called a thrust fault. Furthermore, a large-scale thrust fault, in which the thrust sheet(hanging wall) has been moved a great distance horizontally, is called overthrust fault. In this case, the large thrust sheet having moved a long
34、distance and resting on the autochthonous basement is called a nappe. When the nappe (thrust sheet) has been eroded in some place and thus the basement has been exposed (in a small area relative to the nappe), the exposed area is called a structural window. If most part of the nappe has been eroded
35、 and the basement around the nappe has been exposed, the residual nappe is called a klippe. In its restrict definition, a klippe is a large body or sheet of rock that has been moved a distance of about 2 km or more from its original position by faulting. A nappe , in other words , is an isolated res
36、idual part of the hanging wall of an overthrust fault, or even a part of a recumbent fold. The hanging wall above the fault surface is called allochthonous rocks, and the rocks below the fault surface are called autochthonous rocks. 一个逆冲断层，在断层面上的倾角小（一般小于30°，但一些地质学家喜欢<15°），从而使挂壁主要推水平，被称为逆冲断层。此外，大型逆冲
37、断层，其中的推力表（挂壁）已被移动很大的距离的水平，被称为逆冲断层。在这种情况下，大的推力片移动很长的距离，并搁在原地的地下室被称为推覆。当推覆（推力片）已在某些地方的侵蚀，因此已暴露地下室（相对于推覆在一个小区域），暴露的区域被称为窗口的结构。如果大部分已被侵蚀和推覆推覆体的地下室周围已经暴露，剩余的的推覆被称为飞来峰。在其限制的定义，飞来峰是一个大的机构或片材的岩石已经从原来的位置移动的距离约2公里以上的断层。换句话说，一个推覆体，是一个孤立的剩余部分的逆冲断层的上盘，甚至是一部分的平卧褶皱。上面的断层面上的挂壁被称为外来岩石，被称为原地下面的岩石断层面上的岩石。 Slickenside
38、s are scratch marks that are left on the fault plane as one fault block moves relative to the other. A slickenside is a smooth, striated, polished surface. Slickensides can be used to determine the direction and sense of motion on a fault. Orientation of the scratching indicates the direction of the
39、 most recent movement of the fault, and so it does not tell the whole history of the fault movement. Thus, we should use this indicator with caution. 擦痕是一个断块移动相对于其他断层面上留下的擦伤的痕迹。在一个slickenside是一个光滑，条纹，表面抛光。擦痕可以使用，以确定故障的方向和运动感。定位的沙沙声的故障最近的运动指明了方向，所以它并没有告诉整个历史的断层错动。因此，我们应该谨慎使用这个指标。 Joints, which can
40、 be caused by tectonic forces, are found in almost every outcrop. Like any other brittle material, brittle rocks break more easily at flaws or weak spots when they are subjected to pressure. These flaws can be tiny cracks, fragments of other materials, or even fossils. Regional forces (compressive,
41、tensional or shearing) that have long since vanished may leave their imprint in the form of a set of joints. Joints can also be caused by non-tectonic reasons, such as expansion and contraction of rocks or even contraction of loess. Joints, in fact, can be treated as sets of faults with very small d
42、isplacements. Joints can range in size from microscopic to kilometers in length. Joints have a major influence on landform development, because erosion is able to occur at a faster rate along joints. Joint spacing is often rather consistent within a specific rock type in a specific environment. For
43、example, fine-grained rocks tend to have close-spaced joints, while coarse-grained rocks tend to have wide-spaced joints. The jointing pattern within a specific rock type is sometimes so consistent that it can often be a useful aid for geologic mapping. 接头，它可以通过构造力引起的，被发现在几乎所有的露头。像任何其他脆性材料，脆性岩石破裂更容
44、易受到压力时，他们的缺陷或薄弱环节。这些缺陷可能是微小的裂缝，碎片的其他材料，甚至化石。在关节一组的形式，区域力（压，拉张或剪切），早已消失得无影无踪，可能会留下自己的印记。接头也可引起非构造的原因，如岩石的膨胀和收缩，甚至收缩的黄土。其实，接头，可以作为套非常小排量的故障处理。接头的尺寸范围从微观到公里的长度。接头地貌发育有重大影响，因为的侵蚀是能够以更快的速度沿节理发生。联合间距在一个特定的岩石类型在一个特定的环境中往往是相当一致的。例如，细粒的岩石往往有紧密间隔的关节，而粗粒岩石倾向于具有宽间距的关节。在一个特定的岩石类型的焊接模式，有时是一致的，它往往能成为一个有用的援助地质填图。
45、Who made Hutton's idea a popular theory? His close friend, John Piayfair！The death of his friend, James Hutton, moved Playfair to compose a biographical memoir, which gradually became a reply to the critics of Hutton's theories of geology. This in turn gave rise to Playfair's geological work Illustr
46、ation of the Huttonian theory of the Earth. Playfair presented Hutton's theories in a different style from Hutton’s original presentation. Hutton had a rather peculiar style of presentation which made his theory less intelligible and, as a result, he had received less acclaim than he deserved. It wa
47、s a style which led to many erroneous misrepresentations and to attacks from the few who had read it. Playfair's simple and eloquent style consisted of a series of chapters clearly stating the Huttonian theory, giving the facts to support it, and the arguments given against it. The success of Playfa
48、ir's presentation can be judged by the fame and credit which have since been given to Hutton, who is now regarded as the first great British geologist. 赫顿的想法的一个流行的说法吗？他的亲密朋友，约翰·Piayfair！死亡，他的朋友詹姆斯·赫顿，提出普莱费尔撰写的传记回忆录，并逐渐成为一个答复赫顿的地质理论的批评。这反过来又引起了Playfair的地质工作的Huttonian理论，地球的插图。普莱费尔赫顿的理论，不同的风格，从赫顿的原始演示
49、文稿。赫顿有一个比较奇特的风格呈现，这使得他的理论难于理解，因此，他收到了比他应得的少的一致好评。这是一个风格，导致许多错误的失实陈述及从少数人读了它的攻击。 Playfair的简单和雄辩的风格包括了一系列的章节，清楚地说明Huttonian理论，让事实来支持它，反对它给出的参数。可以判断的声誉和信用，至今已给赫顿，现在被认为是第一个伟大的英国地质学家的成功普莱费尔的演讲。 The representative of Uniformitarianism was English geologist Charles Lyell (1197-1875). He was the founder of
50、 actualism. He was born in England in 1797 when Hutton died (any relations between them?). Lyell's father was a scientist, having a family library at home and abundant samples of animals and plants. Lyell read a lot of books when he was young. He was clever and keen on learning languages. He started
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