综合英语教程2第四单元答案cultural-encounters.doc

Cultural Encounters
Text comprehension
I. B II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T.

III.
1. “snail mail”.
2. “an essential stepping stone on the road to success”.
3. “the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society”.
4. “the means to shape our views of the world”.
5. “to negotiate the boundaries between languages and to compromise in translation”.
6. “to use linguistic skills, to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and to shape language accordingly”.

IV.
1. with convenient ways to reach any part of the world.
2. It seems that everyone is able to always get in touch with anyone else if he or she can afford to.
3. is the most important to society.
4. a fundamental skill in today’s world, where different cultures interact.
5. are finding ways to interrelate different cultures.

Structural analysis of the text
1. The last sentence of the 3rd paragraph: “Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.”
2. Paragraph 4: The lack of an exact counterpart of the English word “homesickness” in other languages such as Italian, Portuguese, and German.
Paragraph 5: The problem of untranslatability which the early Bible translators encountered.
Paragraph 6: English and Welsh speakers make adjustments regarding the color spectrum in the grey / green / blue / brown range; The word “democracy” means completely different things in different contexts; the flat breads of Central Asia are a long way away from Mother’s Pride white sliced toasties, yet the word “bread” has to serve for both.

Part One. Vocabulary Analysis
I. Phrase practice
1. provided =as long as 假如，倘若

need never be out of touch =can never fail to be reached 从不会失去联系

2. regardless of =no matter 不管，不顾

3. overlook at our peril =fail to notice at great risk 忽视……的危险或风险

4. hovers somewhere in and around all those words =may be described by these words to varying degrees

5. hit the problem of untranslatability head-on = were directly confronted with the problem that something in one language cannot be rendered into another

II.
1. stepping stone; 2. at their peril; 3. serve; 4. mentality; 5. staple; 6. facilitating; 7. messaging; 8. hybrid.

III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The country is trying to move from a centrally planned economy (economic) to one basically geared to the needs of the market.
2. There are no good roads in the area, so most of the ranches are only accessible (access) by jeep or other off-road vehicles.
3. The two approaches are so fundamentally (fundamental) different that it is surprising that they have both been successful.
4. They spent much time comforting the homesick (homesickness) children at the beginning of the summer camp.
5. We are looking for an experienced journalist to join the news teams. The salary is negotiable (negotiate).
6. The amount of any of these ingredients can be adjusted (adjustment) according to your taste.
7. The remoteness (remote) of the house was the only thing that made them hesitate about buying it.
8. He parked the car and smiled at her, complacently (complacent) assuming he had passed the test.

1. economic a. 经济学的；经济的；有利可图的
economical a. 节俭的；经济的，合算的
economics n. 经济学
economist n. 经济学家
economy n. 节约；经济

2. access n. 通道，入口
accessible a. 可得到的；易接近的，可进入的
accessibility n. 可以得到；易接近

3. fundamental a. 基本的，根本的；重要的
fundamentalism n. 原教旨主义
fundamentalist n. 信奉正统派基督教的人
fundamentally ad. 从根本上；基本地

4. homesick a. 想家的
homesickness n. 乡愁，思乡病

5. negotiate v. 谈判，协商，交涉
negotiable a. 可磋商的，可协商的
negotiation n. 谈判，协商
negotiator n. 磋商者，交涉者

6. adjust v. 调整，调节；使适应
adjustable a. 可调整的
adjustment n. 调整

7. remote a. 偏僻的，遥远的，远程的
remoteness n. 远离，远隔，偏僻

8. complacent a. 满足的，自满的，得意的
complacently ad. 满足地，自满地，沾沾自喜地
complacency n. 自满，沾沾自喜

IV.
1. D; 2. C; 3. A; 4. D; 5. B; 6. A; 7. B; 8. C.

V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world.
Synonym: time, era, epoch

2. Conferences and business meetings around the globe are held in English, regardless of whether anyone present is a native English speaker.
Synonym: meetings

3. English has simply become the language that facilitates communication, and for many people learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.
Synonym: basic, fundamental

4. Different cultures are not simply groups of people who label the world differently; languages give us the means to shape our views of the world and languages are different from one another.
Antonym: misshape

5. Inevitably, the spread of English means that millions of people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences.
Synonym: unavoidably

6. Why does the rise of English as a global language cause feelings of uneasiness for some of us?
Synonym: worry, concern, anxiety

7. But even as more people become multilingual, so native English speakers are losing out, for they are becoming ever more monolingual, and hence increasingly unaware of the differences between cultures that languages reveal.
Antonym: hide, conceal

4 Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in the given word.
1. unreliable unbelievable
2. impatient imperfect
3. disapproval disagreement
4. mistake misplace
5. maltreat malfunction
6.enrich enable
7. surmount surpass
8.subordinate submarine

1. Explanation:
un- : not or the opposite of
e.g. unable, unhappy, unknown

2. Explanation:
in- / il- / im- / ir- : not or the opposite of
e.g. impolite, infinite, illogical, irrelevance

3. Explanation:
dis- : not or the opposite of
e.g. dishonest, disadvantage, disappear

4. Explanation:
mis : bad or wrong
e.g. misinterpret, misbehavior, mischance, misconceive

5. Explanation:
mal- : bad or not correct
e.g. malpractice, malodorous, malformation

6. Explanation:
en- / em- : to cause to be; to put into the thing or condition mentioned
e.g. encase, empower, enlarge, embolden, enchant

7. Explanation:
sur- : beyond
e.g. surcharge, surplus, surprise, surmise

8. Explanation:
sub- : less than; under or below
e.g. subdivision, subconscious, subcontinent, subculture

Part Two. Grammar Exercises
1. the simple present and the present progressive
Simple present is used for activities that are long-lasting habits.

Present progressive is used for activities that occur at the moment of speaking activities.

The present continuous with words such as “always” or “constantly” expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens.
e. g. She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
Speakers use the present continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
e. g. I am not going to the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

I. Complete the following sentences with the correct verb forms.
1. She’s a dietician — she __helps__ (help) people to choose the right food.
2. hope; are enjoying; sunbathe; go; are going.
3. is being.
4. The professor ____is typing____ (type) his own letters while his secretary is ill.
5. am not eating.
6. I __am reading___ (read) an interesting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.
7. are always leaving.
8. go; belongs; wants; is using.
9. is boiling.
10. is putting; is rewiring; is building.

II.
1. is passing = passes; is shooting = shoots.
2. OK.
3. are crying.
4. OK.
5. am knowing = know.
6. am gathering = gather.
7. work = am working.
8. do =are; sneeze = sneezing.

III.
thank; are dispatching; regret; have; are contacting; hear; enclose/are enclosing; decide; have; are listed; regret; hope; enclose/are enclosing.

IV.
1. a. The speaker is complaining; b. The speaker gives a fact.
2. a. am considering; b. have the opinion.
3. a. It suggests a permanent nature; b. It suggests a temporary behaviour.
4. a. is taking care of; b. have no objection to.
5. a. am waiting for; b. believe.
6. a. am waiting for; b. believe.

2. Position of adjectives
Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
A. Determiners — articles and other limiters.
B. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g. a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g. beautiful, interesting)
C. Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g. wealthy, large, round)
D. Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g. young, old, new, ancient)
E. Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g. red, black, pale)
F. Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g. French, American, Canadian)
G. Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g. woolen, metallic, wooden)
F. Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g. rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

Rewrite the following descriptions putting the adjectives in the correct order.
1. a large pair of red woolen socks

2. a white car German new powerful
a powerful new white German car

3. a small grey rectangular Japanese radio

4. a concrete modern office building big
a big modern concrete office building

5. a medium size French stainless steel saucepan

6. a superb medieval rose-shaped stained-glass window

7. a prominent red triangular road sign

8. a dog black and tiny Chinese white
a tiny black and white Chinese dog

VI. given that…

Part Three Translation exercises
I.
1. 因此，你也许会问，为什么还有人会对这些绝妙的发展顾虑重重？为什么英语成为世界语言会让一部分人惴惴不安？
2．不同的文化并不仅仅是给世界贴上不同标签的人群；语言给了我们塑造世界观的工具，而语言又是不一样的。
3．当千百万人在学习文化沟通的时候，英语国家却越来越沾沾自喜，以为懂得英语就足够了，因而削减了外语课程。
4．最能推动这一进程的不一定是那些掌握了最新技术、拥有最先进手机的人，而是那些能够理解众多不同语言的言内之意、言下之意以及言外之意的人。

II．
1．Children may swim here provided that they are accompanied by adults.

2．This American journalist made a fool of himself over his remarks about China, because he’s been out of touch with what’s been happening in the country in the past three decades.

3．Every person has the right to education, regardless of his or her family background, sex and age.

4．因特网的发明尽管造成了一些问题，但是却极大地方便了我们生活中几乎所有方面，包括教育、医疗和贸易等。（facilitate）
The invention of the Internet, despite the fact that it has given rise to some problems, has greatly facilitated almost every aspect of our life, including education, medicine, and business.

5．您计划出国度假的时候，千万不要忽略购买旅行保险；否则万一发生什么意外，您也许会有很大的麻烦。（overlook）
Never overlook your travel insurance when you are planning to spend your holiday abroad; otherwise you might find yourself in great trouble if any accident should occur.

6．在那部电影里，那个亿万富翁面临着两难选择——和妻子离婚，让她分走他半个金融帝国，或者冒着被警方发现的危险把她谋杀掉。（faced with）
In the movie that billionaire was faced with a dilemma — either divorces his wife, who would then carve out half of his financial empire, or murders her at the risk of being found out by the police.

7．As the husband lost his job in the financial crisis, the new couple had to cut down on a lot of things—furniture, clothes, records, books, and so on.

8．三十多年前，文革刚刚结束，邓小平告诉全国人民：中国唯一的出路就是改革开放。（lie in）
Over thirty years ago, right after the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping told the people that the only way out lay in reform and opening up to the outside world.

IV Exercises for integrated skills
1. Dictation
The main reason for the widespread demand for English / is its present-day importance as a world language. / Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, / English is a language / in which some of the most important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, / and not always by native speakers. / It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries, / especially former British colonies. / Many of these countries have multi-lingual populations / and need a language for internal communication / in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education / as well as for international communication / and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the West.

2. Cloze
　　Languages are marvelously complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture: they embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture. To learn a foreign language is to learn (1) another culture. In the words of a poet and philosopher, “As (2) many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.” A culture and its (3) language are as inseparable as brain and body; (4) while one is part of the other, neither can function (5) without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best (6) beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its (7) gestures, its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact (8) leads to understanding, or, as the English maxim has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can (9) never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English (10) until we have learned to look directly into his eyes.

VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Comparison and Contrast
Comparison-and-contrast is a method of development that will essentially compare and / or contrast. Comparison brings similar things together for examination, to see how they are alike. Contrast, on the contrary, emphasizes their differences.

There are three major ways to organize a comparison-and-contrast paragraph:
1. We first present the differences and then the similarities or the other way round. What is to be emphasized (the differences or the similarities) almost always comes later.

2. We make a parallel-order comparison, where we discuss first one subject, then the other:
1) All of subject A, point by point;
2) All of subject B, point by point, so that it parallels the points about A.
We will finish our whole discussion of the first person (place, or thing) at one time. Then, in discussing the second person (place, or thing), we will ta