四级听力技巧篇-课上讲解文档.doc

四级听力技巧篇
在2006年改革以后的四级考试中,除了写作部分变化不大之外,其他部分的变化非常明显,其中听力部分的比例由过去的20%跃升为现在的35%,题目的类型、数量、时间全部增加。听力部分对考生的要求无疑发生了变化。现将听力各个部分做逐一分析并找出应对方案。

短对话部分:（11-18题,共八题）
短对话一直是学生们比较稳定的得分点。在最新公布的新四级样题中,短对话的题目数量由过去的10道减少到8道。但是短对话作为最基本的类型话听力题目的事实没有改变。在11-18题中,单从选项就能够看出,11/12/18属于动作行为题；14是传统的人物关系题,而16则是更加传统的对话地点题大部分题目都可以按照过去题目的套路解决。例如动作题目注意情态动词后的谓语,人物关系题注意职业特征词汇,地点题目抓住核心地点词汇,等等。所以,短对话部分依然是各位考生拿分的保险项目。
一. 短对话常考场景
1.校园生活类 (选课、 听课、或听讲座、作业或论文、学习、考试及课余活动等)
2.日常生活类 ( 购物价格、客户投诉、营业时间等)
3.工作求职类 (假期兼职、找工作、工作招聘、面试、工作约会等)
4.健康医疗类 (生病就医、医疗诊所、体育锻炼、减肥、良好习惯等)
5.交通旅游类 (度假情况、接人送人、交通方式、交通时刻、交通状况等)
6.租房住房类 (租房信息居住环境、房屋维修等)
7.饮食娱乐类 (外出就餐、邀请吃饭、吃饭地点、观看演出等)
8.气候环境类 (天气变化、天气影响环境等)
二. 短对话常考题型
1. 综合推断题
综合推断题在四级考试中所占比重从1999年开始就超过了 50%，成为听力短对话部分的重中之重。以2005年1月四级考试对话部分为例，10道题中就有6道 (即题1，2，7，8，9，10) 为综合推断类题，再加上1道间接建议推断题 (题6) 和1道因果推断题 (题4) 比例高达80%。
1) 真题特点透视
综合推断类题旨在考察考生理解对话深层含义或内涵的能力。要求考生在听懂对话内容的基础上，根据对话双方的语调语气和情景等信息，结合自己的语言知识、语法知识、生活常识、文化背景知识等进行归纳、推理和判断，透过表面词语意义，领会说话人的深层含义或真实意图。
这类题涉及面较广，提问的形式也比较多样。常见的提问方式如:
What does the man／woman mean／imply／indicate?
What can you infer／learn from the conversation?
What can be inferred from the conversation?
What do you learn from the man’s／woman’s response?
What do you learn from the conversation?
What does the conversation tell us?
What are they talking about?
What can we conclude from the man’ reply?
What happened to the man／woman?
例1：[2005年1月]
A) The man enjoys traveling by car.
B) The man lives far from the subway.
C) The man is good at driving.
D) The man used to own a car.

原文为：
W：You’ve sold your car. You don’t need one?
M：Not really. I’ve never liked driving anyway. Now we’d moved to a place near the subway. We can get about quite conveniently．
Q：What do we learn from the conversation? (D)

例2：[2006年1月]
A) It can help solve complex problems.
B) It will most likely prove ineffective.
C) It is a new weapon against terrorists.
D) It will help detect a11 kinds liars.

原文为：
M：I hear a newly invented drug can make people tell the truth and it may prove useful in questioning terrorists. Isn’t it incredible?
W：Simple solutions to complex problems rarely succeed. As far as I know, no such drugs are ever known to work.
Q：What does the woman think of the new drug? (B)

从以上两例可以看出，这类考题难度相对较大。多数情况下，对话原文与所给选项都要绕绕圈子，要发生词语替换。越是在对话中直接听到的词汇内容，越有可能不是正确答案。反而是形式上看似不同，但实际意思基本接近的解释才是正确的选择。只有掌握技巧，才能真正理解对话的内涵，理解讲话人的意图，做出合理的推理和正确的抉择。

2）解题对策

综合推断类题包罗万象，但归根结蒂旨在考察考生的综合理解力以及逻辑推理能力。所以遇到此类题型，考生一定要注意：
(1) 通过选项分析预测关键信息可能的内容或趋势。
(2) 根据预测分析注意捕捉相关信息。考生要首先听清对话内容，然后透过字面意思，体会讲话人的言外之意。
(3) 保持清晰的思路，根据选项提示，结合对话内容进行合乎逻辑的推论。

2. 因果关系题
1) 真题特点透视
因果关系题是四级考试的一类常考题型。它要求考生正确理解某一事情发生的原因或结果，辨识含有因果关系的句子。此类题目一般侧重于对原因的考查，对结果的考查相对比较少。因果关系类题型一般涉及面较广，而且提示词很少，题目的特征也很不明显：大部分情况下，选项只是4个完整的陈述句，很难通过卷面线索判断出这一题是否属于因果关系题。所以，此类题型有一定难度。
因果关系类题型常见的提问方式有：
Why does the man／woman do．．．?
Why is the man／woman．．．?
What causes．．．?
What happened．．．?
What do we learn from the conversation?
What is the man’s／woman’s reason for．．．?

例1：[2001年6月]
A) His injury kept him at home.
B) He didn’t think it necessary.
C) He was too weak to see the doctor.
D) He failed to make an appointment.

原文为：
W：Why didn’t you make an appointment to see the doctor last week when you first twist your ankle?
M：The injury didn’t seem serious then. I decided to go today, because my foot still hurt when I put my weight on it.
Q：Why didn't the man see the doctor earlier? (B)

2) 解题对策
遇到因果关系类题型，基本解题步骤应为：
(1) 分析选项，预测对话后的提问是否涉及分辨因果关系。如：某一个选项暗示出该事实能导致某种结果，或好几个选项的事实能导致同一结果。
例2：
A) She decided not to come.
B) She forgot to come.
C) She wasn’t invited.
D) She altered her decision.
答案解析：分析选项，可以发现4个 (尤其是前3个) 选项，可能导致同一结果：Helen doesn’t come. 由此可以推断，本题应是考查因果关系。问题很可能就是：Why doesn’t Helen come?
(2) 听音时，应特别注意提示因果关系的线索词。并且格外注意第二个人说的话。对话中如果出现了表示因果关系的提示词，则比较容易选出正确答案。但在多数考试中，考生都需要通过理解上下文找出因果关系，从而综合判断。而且，由于问题多集中在原因上，所以第二个人的答话内容往往就是问题所在，在平时练习时要多加注意。
如；继续前面提到的例2，听到的原文为：
M：Helen isn’t here yet．Did you forget to invite her?
W：She was going to come，but then changed her mind.
Q：Why isn’t Helen present? (D)

3. 虚拟语气类题
1) 真题特点透视
虚拟语气类题型是四级听力考试中的重点内容。这类题目的特点是：对话中有一方的话语中含有虚拟语气条件句。而其考点在于；对话中出现虚拟语气，而选项多为事实的陈述句。这类题型涉及到虚拟语气的不同时态和不同表达形式; 有时候虚拟条件从句还以倒装的形式出现。所以听音上有一定难度。此外，在出题方向上，虚拟语气类题型涉及的范围也比较广泛：包括通过虚拟语气形式来考查观点、看法、态度、愿望以及建议等等。
虚拟语气类题型常见的提问方式有：
What happened to the man／woman?
What can we learn from the conversation?
What does the man／woman mean?
What does the man／woman suggest?
What is the man／woman implying?
What does the second speaker mean?
例1：[2005年6月]
A) Give the ring to a policeman.
B) Wait for the owner of the ring in the restroom.
C) Hand in the ring to the security office.
D) Take the ring to the administration building.
原文为：
W：I found an expensive diamond ring in the restroom this morning.
M：If I were you, I would turn it into the security office. It is behind the administration building.
Q：What does the man suggest the woman do? (C)

例2：[2001年6月]
A) He is not very enthusiastic about his English lessons.
B) He has made great progress in his English.
c) He is a student of the music department.
D) He is not very interested in English songs.
原文为：
W：Mr. Jones，your student, Bill, shows great enthusiasm for music instruments.
M：I only wish he showed half as much for his English lessons.
Q：What do we learn from the conversation about Bill? (A)

2) 解题对策
(1) 虚拟语气类题型是想测试考生对于虚拟语气的结构、用法以及它所包含的与事实相反的含义的理解。所以，考生首先必须熟练掌握虚拟语气的几种表达方式：
(A) If虚拟句型
● 与现在事实相反的句型
如：If I were you, I would live in the city instead of going to work by train.
如果我是你，我就住在城市里，不必乘火车上班。
● 与过去事实相反的句型
如：If the traffic hadn’t been so bad，I could have been home by 6:00.
要是当时交通状况没那么差的话，我6:00就赶到家了。
● 与将来事实相反的句型
如：It should rain again, what else could I do?
要是天再下雨，我还能做点啥?
(B) Wish虚拟句型
● 与现在事实相反
如：I wish she were here. 真希望她在场。
● 与过去事实相反
如：I wish I had been there真希望我去过那儿。
(C) If only虚拟句型
● 与现在事实相反的句型，常译为“要是……就好了”。
如：If only I could speak several foreign languages!
要是我会说好几种外语就好了!
● 与过去事实相反的句型
如：If only she had known where to find you.
她当时要是知道在哪儿能找到你就好了!
(D) 情态动词表达的语气
如：He must have forgotten about our meeting.
他当时肯定忘了我们开会的事?
(2) “反着选答案”
因为虚拟语气是表达与事实相反的情况,答案往往就是虚拟语气条件句中所隐含的真实情况。也就是虚拟语气句的动词是肯定形式，则句子表达的意思是否定的，反之亦然。
(3)切忌听到什么就选什么。

4. 否定类题型
1) 真题特点透视
否定类题型也是有难度的一类题目。考查的重点基本是两类：① 隐含否定题；② 虚假否定题。
隐含否定题的最大特点是；含意是否定的，但是不出现任何否定词。也就是说，表面是肯定的，实际是否定的。对话一方提出问题，另一方没有直接回答这个问题，而是讲一个事实，通过这个事实表示否定。这类题目在考试中很常见。
虚假否定题，尤其常见双重否定。特点是；表面出现否定词，表示如：not impossible＝possible；can’t agree more = agree。
否定类题型常见的提问方式有：
What does the man／woman mean?
What do you understand from the man’s／woman’s answer?
What do we learn from this conversation?
What does the conversation tell us?
Why did the man．．．?
例1：[2003年12月]
A) The woman is watching an exciting film with the man.
B) The woman can't take a photo of the man.（否定）
C) The woman is running toward the lake.
D) The woman is filming the lake.
原文为：
M：Look，the view is fantastic. Could you take a picture of me with the lake in the background?
W：I am afraid I just ran out of film. （肯定）
Q：What do we learn from the conversation?

2) 解题对策
（1)遇到否定类题型，往往需要听清整个对话，把握关键词，才能选出正确答案。而在对话中用以表示否定关系的，有可能是表达否定意义的词或短语，也有可能是说话人的语气。所以，考生应结合上下文，做综合判断。
表示否定关系的常见词汇及句型：
形容词：no，few，little，rare，scarce，careless，unusual，unbelievable，reluctant，等。
副词：never，little，hardly，barely，seldom，rarely，scarcely等。
动词：fail，stop，miss，refuse，deny，ignore，overlook，hate，doubt等。
代词：no one，nobody，none，nothing，neither，nor等。
短语：too．．．to．．．，fail to，far from，in stead of，rather than，be short of，anything but，at no time，run out of，except for，under no circumstances，no way，out of the question，be against等。

(2) 正确选项一般不是原文的细节再现， 而是通过对话内容的同义转述推断出来的
如：
例2: [2006年6月]
A) The girls got on well with each other.
B) It's understandable that girls don't get along.
C) She was angry with the other young stars.
D) The girls lacked the courage to fight.
原文为：
M: What would be like working with those young stars?
W: It was a great group. I always got mad when people said that we didn’t get along, just because we were girls, there was never a fight. We had a great time.
Q：What does the woman mean? (A)

(3)切忌听到否定选否定
在对话中听到了否定句，而答案也为否定句的几率很低。

5. 同义替换类题
1) 真题特点透视
同义替换类题型旨在考察考生的语感、考生对同义词、近义词的掌握以及用英语释义的能力。这类题目的特点是问题常常针对对话中的某一重要信息词提问，而答案一定是通过同义词或近义词对原文中的内容进行释义，或是句子层面上的同义替换，而非对话中的原话。
这类题目提问的方式比较多样，常见的提问方式有：
What does the man mean?
What does the man say about．．．?
What do we learn from the conversation?
What does the man suggest that the woman should do?

对于平时习惯于英语思维的考生，这类题目难度不大，但对于听力词汇量较小的考生，尤其是必须通过英汉对译才能理解英语对话的考生，这类题目难度不可小觑。为了让大家对此类题目有较真切的了解，请看两例。
例1：[2006年1月]
A) It’s worse than 30 years ago.
B) It remains almost the same as before.
C) There are more extremes in the weather.
D) There has been a significant rise in temperature.
原文为：

W：You have been doing weather reports for nearly 30 years. Has the weather got any worse in all these years?
M：Well, not necessarily worse. But we are seeing more swings.
Q：What does the man say about the weather? (C)

例2：[2005年6月]
A) They should wait to see the movie at a later time.
B) The cinema is some distance away from where they are.
C) He would like to read the film review in the newspaper.
D) He’ll find his way to the cinema.
原文为：
W：I just read in the newspaper that Lord of the Rings is this year’s greatest hit. Why don’t we go and see it at the Grand Cinema?

M：Don’t you think that cinema is a little out of the way?
Q；What does the man mean? (B)

2) 解题对策
对于同义替换类题，成语、习语、固定搭配等短语积累非常重要。考生要能借助选项的提示，在听到关键信息后一两秒内就能反映出该短语的意思，还要不受语音干扰项的影响。因此平时就要注意总结积累，字典最好用英英词典，至少要用双解词典；尽量学着用英语来解释英语，养成用英语思维的习惯；对常用的短语搭配要做到耳熟能详。

6. 建议类题
1) 真题特点透视
建议类题型是听力测试中短对话部分的常见题型。其主要特征就是对话中出现了表示建议的一些句型。形式往往是对话中一人提出具体问题或事情，另一人就这一主题给予建议。这种建议大多以委婉的方式提出，有时还会采用虚拟语气的条件句。
常用的句型有：
Why not．．．? Why don’t you?
Why bother．．．? How about．．．?
What do you think of．．．? You'd better．．．
You should／can／ought to．．． Let's．．．
Wouldn’t．．．be wiser? If I were you，I’d．．．
建议类题型的选项大多数涉及4个不同的动作。有时以不定式的形式给出，有时则给出完整的句子，句中常常会出现should一词。这类题常见的提问方式有：

What does the man／woman suggest／mean?
What does the man think the woman should do?
What does the man advise the woman to do?
What does the man want the woman to do?
What is the man suggesting?

例1：[2006年1月]
A) See a doctor.
B) Stay in bed for a few day.
C) Get treatment in a better hospital.
D) Make a phone call to the doctor.

原文为：
W：Carol told us on the phone not to worry about her. Her left leg doesn't hurt as much as it did yesterday.
M：She’d better have it examined by a doctor anyway. And I’11 call her about it this evening.
Q：What does the man think Carol should do? (A)

2) 解题对策
遇到建议类题型，基本解题步骤应为：
(1) 分析选项，猜测大致情境。如选项中有相对立的两种建议应重点留意。如：
例2： A) Get some change from Jane.
B) Use the woman’s phone.
C) Go to look for a pay phone.
D) Pay for the phone call.

通过浏览选项，大致可推测出对话的内容应是围绕关键词 phone。选项B中的use the woman’s phone和C中look for a pay phone明显形成对比，因此极有可能其中一个为正确答案。听音时应格外重视这两处细节。

(2) 听的重点放在第二个人的谈话内容上。在对话中的第一人提到具体主题之后，第二人的回应往往带有一定的态度倾向性。 此时应注意第二人的语气。另外根据平时熟记的句型，立刻捕捉到句型后的关键词，如上面提到的例2。

听到的原文为：
M：Hi，Jane，do you have some changes? I have to make a call on the payphone.(公用电话)
W：Payphone? Why not use my mobile phone? Here you are.
Q：What will the man most probably do? (B)

（3）听清问题，确认提问对象， 做出准确判断。

7. 转折类题
1) 真题特点透视
转折类题型也是听力测试中短对话部分的常见题型。它的考点常常是两类问题：一是对于邀请的回答。二是态度、意见或建议的补充、让步。对话中的转折词but是该题型的最根本标志。这类对话的形式常常是：第一人先说一句无关紧要的内容，第二人的回答往往分两部分完成：先是一个简单句，说明原本的意图，再由转折词话锋一转，说明实际的结果。因此这类题型的重点总是在转折词but之后。
转折类题型常见的提问方式有：
What did the man do last night?
What do we／you learn from the conversation／dialogue?
What do we／you learn about the woman／man?
What does the woman／man mean?
How does the man feel／say about．．．
What did the man do last night?

例1：[2006年1月]
A) She has been longing to attend Harvard University.
B) She’ll consider the man’s suggestion carefully.
C) She has finished her project with Dr. Garcia's help.
D) She’ll consult Dr. Garcia about entering graduate school.

原文为：
M：Hi，Melissa，how is your project going? Have you though about going to graduate school?
W：Everything is coming along really well. I have been thinking about graduate school. But I’ll talk to my tutor Doctor Garcia first and see what she thinks.
Q：What do you learn about the woman from the conversation? (D)

2) 解题对策

遇到转折类题型，基本解题步骤应为：
(1) 分析选项，确定重点。转折类题型常常在转折词but前后存在截然相反的内容。所以听前分析，找到矛盾选项往往有助于把握关键。
(2) 抓住but后长句子的意思。 轻松找到正确答案。
(3)切忌听到什么就选什么
这类题目的干扰项往往根据but前面的内容而设计，而且经常是细节再现，因此要注意不要听到什么就选什么。

8. 判断职业身份与人物关系题
1) 真题特点透视
判断职业身份与人物关系是四级听力测试中又一常见题型。这类题型考察人物的职业、身份以及与他人的关系。对话中经常提供一个情节或情境，反映所涉及人物的职业、身份或彼此关系。
大部分情况下，这类题目的选项特征相当明显；要么是4种不同的职业，要么是4个不同身份的人，要么是4种不同的人物关系。
2) 解题对策
（1）注意称呼语。
(2 ) 注意人物语气。.
(3 ) 捕捉关键词。

9. 数字与计算题
1) 真题特点透视
数字与计算类的试题虽然不是每年的必考题型，但也属于常见题。这类题目涉及的方面比较广泛，包括对年月、日期、时间、价格、人数、号码等的提问，也可能就具体数字要求考生做相应的简单运算。此类题目的特征相当明显：4个选项一般都是相似或相关的数字，偶尔会有介词后跟数字。考生只要粗略一看选项都是与数字相关的，就很容易辨认。
这种类型的试题，出题形式一般为两类：数字辨别和数字计算。其中数字辨别是比较简单的一类。主要考察考生是否能够确认数字与内容的各自对应关系。然后根据所提问题直接回答对应项。数字运算则考查加减乘除运算及混合运算。要求考生根据对话信息判断运算关系，从而进行运算找到答案。这一类型较前一类有更高的要求。
2) 解题对策
（1）速记信息。
(2 ) 听清问题。.
(3 ) 经过简单运算，找出正确答案。
三．专项训练
1. 事实情况题
2. 行为活动题
3. 观点态度题
4. 谈论话题题
5. 地点场景题
6. 身份关系题
7. 数字信息题
8. 综合训练题
9. 真题练习 （样卷）

Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) （样卷）

Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer: Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答：

11. A) The man hates to lend his tools to other people.
B) The man hasn't finished working on the bookshelf,
C) The tools have already been returned to the woman.
D) The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing
12. A) Save time by using a computer
B) Buy her own computer.
C) Borrow Martha's computer.
D) Stay home and complete her paper
13. A) He has been to Seattle many times,
B) He has chaired a lot of conferences.
C) He holds a high position in his company
D) He lived in Seattle for many years
14. A) Teacher and student,
B) Doctor and patient.
C) Manager and office worker
D) Travel agent and customer.
15. A) She knows the guy who will give the lecture.
B) She thinks the lecture might be informative.
C) She wants to add something to her lecture.
D) She'll finish her report this weekend.
16. A) An art mu