语法练习补充资料2.doc

1.分词形容词：
1）现在分词（v.-ing）一般描述事物对人在思想或感觉上的影响
e.g. a welcoming party
2）有时候现在分词也描述过程或状态在一段时间内的持续
e.g. dwindling herds of humpback whales
3）过去分词（v.-ed）大多由vt.转化而来，具有被动的意义，表示所谈及的人或物经历某种情况
e.g. unwanted attention a frightened person
4）少数过去分词由vi.转化而来，具有完成体的意义
e.g. a fallen tree 一棵倒下的树 an escaped prisoner 一个越狱的囚犯

2.复合形容词
1）形容词/数词+名词+过去分词 e.g. grey-haired one-sided
2）形容词/副词+过去分词 e.g. low-paid well-behaved
3）形容词/副词/名词+现在分词 e.g. good-looking long-lasting man-eating

3.同根副词
clean完全/cleanly干净利索地 clear一直，完全/clearly清楚，显然 close近/closely细心严密地 dead突然地，完全地/deadly非常 deep深/deeply深深地 easy慢慢地/easily容易地，无疑地 fair公正公平地，恰好/fairly相当地，非常 free免费地/freely大量地 hard努力地/hardly几乎不 high高/highly高度地，非常 just正是/justly公正地 large说大话/largely基本上 late晚，迟/lately最近 loud指音量的大小/loudly大叫，指发音时用力的强度 most最/mostly主要地 near接近/nearly几乎 pretty相当/prettily漂亮地 right直接，完全，恰好地/rightly正确地 round转过来/roundly狠狠地 sharp准时/sharply急剧地 slow低速地/slowly慢 sure当然可以/surely的确 wide宽阔地/widely广泛地

4.几组特殊副词用法的比较
1）ago/before/since
Ago和一般过去时连用，before与完成时连用；当句子中没有时间副词，如a long time, a few days等时，不能用ago,只能用before；since表示“从那时以来”，有继续到现在的意思，与完成时连用，还可用ever since来加强语气。
e.g. Not long ago my friend brought me a letter.
I feel many things more intensely than ever before.
He walked out of that door and no one has seen him since.
2）almost/nearly
Nearly后不可接否定词，almost则可以同no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, never等否定词搭配。
e.g. It consumes almost nothing.
Nearly every patients are blood type A
3）fairly/quite/rather/pretty
这几个词都有“相当”的意思，语义由轻到重依次为：fairly→quite→rather/pretty
Fairly主要修饰褒义形容词或副词，如good, well, fine, nice, bravely等，但是不能与too或者比较级连用；
Rather主要修饰贬义的形容词或者副词，如bad, ugly, stupid, boring等，可以与too或者比较级连用；
Pretty多用于非正式文体，quite是中性词。
e.g. His new book is very interesting.
I was quite impressed by her singing – it wasn’t bad at all.
One of the twins has developed a rather severe illness.
The news is pretty shocking but it’s true.
4）hardly/scarcely/rarely/seldom/barely
这五个词都含有否定的意义表示“几乎不”，不与否定词并用；
Hardly与scarcely近义，可以与ever, any, at all等连用，但是barely则不可；
且scarcely意为“不太几乎没有”，往往强调数量不足，常同enough， sufficient， any等表示程度的词连用；
Hardly表示“简直不”，有时可与scarcely互换；
Rarely和seldom意为“不常，很少”，是often的反义词；
Barely意为“勉强仅能做到”。
e.g. Women in this country hardly wave their hands when they meet someone.
I had scarcely closed my eyes when the telephone rang.
The most brilliant mathematicians often said they had trouble in school and were rarely the best in their classes.
If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed.
It is barely 5 a.m., but Winget is eager to go.

Prepositions
1-5 DACBD 6-10 BDABD 11-15 CCDBA 16-20 DCCBB 21-25 CADCD 26-30 CADBB 31-35 ADBAC 36-40 DBDDC 41-45 BBADD 46-50 ABDCC
Pronouns
1-5 BBDDC 6-10 CACAA 11-15 DDDBA 16-20 ABCCC 21-25 AADBD 26-30 CDCCD 31-35 CBABA 36-40 AABCB
Verbs
1-5 CDCBA 6-10 AADDC 11-15 DBADB 16-20 DBDAC 21-25 BCCAB 26-30 AACDD 31-35 CBCCA 36-40 BCAAB

Some prepositional phrases with the word ‘time’:
On time 按时，准时
In time 及时；迟早；过一段时间
In good time 留有充分的时间；提前
At no time 决不
In no time 立即，马上
At times 有时
For a time 一度；短暂时间内
For the time being 暂时

Some prepositional phrases with the meaning of time:
At daybreak 在拂晓
In the days that followed 在接下来的几天里
On one memorable occasion 在一个难忘的场合
On the afternoon of that eventful day 在这重要日子的午后
In a few seconds 几秒钟后
Within several minutes 几分钟内

above vs. over / below vs. under:
above 和 below 均不与另一物接触
over 和 under 均不与表面接触
e.g. Many confessional booths in Catholic churches have carvings of roses above the door.
The sun has gone below the horizon.
In ancient times, a branch of mistletoes was hung over doorways for good luck.
Anyone standing under the mistletoes is likely to be kissed.

可以表示原因和理由的介词：
At / for / from / of / over / through / with / due to / owing to / because of / on account of / thanks to

可以表示关于或者至于的介词：
In regard to / with regard to / regarding / as regards / with respect to / in respect of / with reference to / on the matter of / concerning / as to with /

可以表示例外的介词：
Except / excepting / except for / with the exception of / apart from / aside from / but / aside

Vt.和vi.的相互转换：
请比较 He stood in the middle of the field. / We can no longer stand the pain.
I worked as hard as I can. / Farmers worked the fertile valleys.
Glass breaks easily. / Who broke that window?
Paper burns quickly. / We burn all our waste paper.
The door opened quietly. / Capuchins learn to open doors.
有些动词用作不及物动词时，动词的形式为主动，意义为被动；用作及物动词时，动词的结构和形式均为主动，如：
Break / burn / burst / close / drop / feed / fly / grow / hang / hurt / keep / melt / move / open / ring / roll / set / shake / shut / stop / turn

常见的联系动词有 appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, resemble, seem, sound, stay, turn.
常见联系动词短语有 burn low, fall silent, freeze solid, lie flat, loom large, plead innocent, rest assured, run wild, spring open, stand firm.

may / might + have + done 表示对过去行为的推测
e.g. He may have missed the train.

can / could + have + done 表示过去能做而没做的事，通常感到惋惜
e.g. I could have asked him to join me for a beer.

can / could + have + done 推测过去的某种行动，只用于疑问句或否定句
e.g. That can’t have been George.

must + have + done 表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定，想必”
e.g. I must have raised my voice.

needn’t + have + done 表示一种已经做过但没有必要的行为
e.g. I needn’t have bothered you to buy the flowers.

should / ought to + have + done 表示过去应该做而没有做的行为
e.g. You should have stopped her watching the film.

daren’t + have + done 表示过去不敢也未作的行为
e.g. I didn’t like their new house, though I daren’t have said so.