福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案.doc

福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案一
I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (1.5*10=15) FTFTF FFTTF
1. Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.
2. There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.
3. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
4. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.
5. Language is entirely arbitrary.
6. The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.
7. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
8. All utterances take the form of sentences.
9. Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
10. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
II. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (1.5*10=15) CADAB BCAAA
1. The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of ____.
A. tongue B. hard palate C. soft palate D. vocal cords
2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are called ____ morphemes.
A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ____.
A. performance B language acquisition C. cultural transmission D. competence
4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under frication between tongue and ____ before passing through the teeth.
A. hard palate B. uvula C. alveolar ridge D. soft palate
5. ____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic geography B. Applied linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Comparative linguistics
6. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called ____ vowels.
A. open B. close C. front D. central
7、______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
A. Competence B. Performance C. Learning D. Acquisition
8、______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic tudy of language.
A. Speaking B. Speech C. Sound D. Spoken
9. A ______ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.
A. semantic B. syntactic C. pragmatic D. grammatical
10.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally callen______
A. morpheme B. syntactic C. pragmatic D. grammatical
III. Dissect the following words into morphemes. (2*5=10)
1. though _______________ _______
考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22
2. speeches _________________ _____
考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22
3. geography ___________ ___________
考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22
4、morpheme___________ ___________
考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22
5、syntactic___________ ___________
考核知识点：morpheme，参见P19-22
IV. Define the following terms. (5*6=30)
1. the telegraphic stage 考核知识点：language acquisition，参见P48
2. language 考核知识点：language ，参见P3
3. discreteness 考核知识点：discreteness参见P9
4. vowel 考核知识点：vowel，参见P14
5. internal structure 考核知识点：internal structure，参见P22
V. Answer the following questions. (15*2=30)
1. Why do we say language is arbitrary?
考核知识点：arbitrary，参见P5
参考答案要点：Arbitrariness in narrow sense refers to the lack of physical，logical or natural connection(i．e．the inexplicability of the relationship)between individual linguistic symbols and the meanings they symbolize．We know people use linguistic symbols which are originally meaningless to refer to something meaningful．There is no physical，’logical or natural connection between the symbolic signs used in language and the meaning they stand for．It is inexplicable．We can’t explain why the English people use‘'water'’to refer to the stuff in this bottle．Similarly,we can’t explain why the Chinese people use“水”to refer to the stuff．So language is arbitrary in nature．
2. What’s the difference between langue and parole?
考核知识点：langue and parole，参见P3-10
参考答案要点：Language is full ofvarieties：no two speakers speak in an identical manner；no two speakers have an identical learning experience．
Language consists in its varieties，that is to say,language is realized through its varieties(cp．the relation．between fruit and apple，between phoneme and allophones and phones and between langue and parole．
福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案二
I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points, 1.5 points for each)
参考答案：1-5 F T F T F  6-10 T F T T F 
1、 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language..
2、Language is not only linearly-structured.
3、Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon and also a context-dependent behavior.
4、General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories,
5、descriptions, models and methods applicable are not in any linguistic study.
6、Some languages are not superior to other languages.
7、Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
8、 Not all utterances take the form of sentences.
9、Morphemes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
10、The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morphe.
II. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points, 2 points for each)
1.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______. 参考答案B
A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation
B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
2.The pair of words "lend"and "borrow"are ___.参考答案B
A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms
3. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar . 参考答案D
A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask
C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones
4. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __. 参考答案D
A.unusual B.something to be feared
C.abnormal D.natural
5. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible. 参考答案D
A.Broca"s aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke"s aphasic
6.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say "night" as "light".This shows: B
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
7.. A word with several meanings is called __word. 参考答案A
A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple
8.. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn"t it?"is __. 参考答案B
A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
9. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. 参考答案C
A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure
10. __deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.答案A
A.Linguistic geography B.Lexicology
C.Lexicography D.Sociolinguistics

III. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each)
1. phonetics 考核知识点：phonetics，参见P12
2. phoneme 考核知识点：phoneme，参见P16
3. stress 考核知识点：stress，参见P17
4.reference 考核知识点：reference，参见P35
5. idiolect 考核知识点：idiolect，参见P41
Answer the following questions. (35 points)
1. How, in your opinion, does pragmatics differ from semantics?
考核知识点：pragmatics and semantics，参见P28-35
参考答案要点：Pragmatics is the study of the meaning which is not included in semantics and whose interpretation is dependent on its social contexts．
Semantics is the science of meaning．Semantics is concemed t11 encoding and decoding of meaning，(finding out how people encode their meaning and how people try to interpret their meaning)，identifying and classifying meanings，lexical meaning，sentential meaning，and utterance
2. What’s the difference between sense and reference?
考核知识点：sense and reference，参见P35
参考答案要点：There are two different meanings of meaning：sense(the meaning that relates linguistic forms with what is in the non．1inguistic world)and reference(the meaning that lies in the relation or contrasts among linguistic forms themselves，i．e．how the meanings are divided by the different linguistic forms／how different linguistic forms may be used to express meanings)．
3. Explain language production with some examples.
考核知识点：language production，参见P51
参考答案要点：Language production is more difficult to study than language comprehension for the following reasons：the way thoughts are turned into speech(We don’t know how thoughts are turned intospeech．)；indirect approach through analyzing errors in speech production(We can only use this indirect approach to infer from these errors how we produce speech．)
Following Carroll’s model of speech production,there are four stages：construction of thought to be expressed(You must have something in your mind to be expressed)，formation ofthought into linguistic forms(When you have some thought,you should turn it into linguistic forms)，
construction of a motor command for the utterance(You need to prepare the command for the speech organs to speak)，execution ofthat motor command(You’re actually saying what you want to say)．

福师1203考试批次《现代语言学》复习题及参考答案三
I. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). (15 points, 1.5 points for each) 参考答案1-5 F T F T F 6-10 F F T T F
11. Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.
12. There is a three-word sentence stage in first language acquisition.
13. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
14. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.
15. Language is entirely arbitrary.
16. Articulatory phonetics that studies speech sounds from a physical point of view, focusing on their physical properties in transmission.
17. In speech sound production, lower part of the oral cavity are relatively stable and function as a foil to the upper part in its articulatory movements.
18. Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract.
19. Stress may play different functions in different languages.
20. Affixation changes the grammatical class of the word.

II. Choose the ONE choice that best completes each statement. (20 points, 2 points for each) 参考答案1-5 C A D A B 6-10 B D AB A
3. The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of ______.
A tongue B. hard palate C. soft palate D. vocal cords
4. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are called ______ morphemes.
A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational
3. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.
A. performance B. language acquisitionb C. cultural transmission D. competence
4. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under frication between tongue and ______ before passing through the teeth.
A. hard palate B. uvula C. alveolar ridge D. soft palate
6. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic geography B. Applied linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Comparative linguistics
6. Language has that distinguish it from other semiotic systems used by humans and animals.
A. function B. design features C. importance D. performance
7. the main source of energy for speaking, initiating the airflow for speech, hence pulmonic airstream mechanism.
A. Mouth B. Heart C. Nose D. Lung
8. The phones that can be grouped together as variants of one phoneme have to be similar
A. phonetically B. phonologically C. sound D. seem
9. morpheme is a morpheme that contributes to the lexical meaning of the word.
A. Functional B. Lexical C. Grammatical D.  Performative
10. According to , language determines the framework of speaker’s perception and thought.
A. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis B. Positivist theory
C. Use theory D.  Speech Acts theory

III. Define each of the following terms. (30 points, 6 points for each)
1. pragmatics 考核知识点：pragmatics，参见P35
2. semantics 考核知识点：semantics，参见P28
3. phonology 考核知识点：phonology，参见P15
4. linguistics 考核知识点：linguistics，参见P10
5. syntax 考核知识点：syntax，参见P22
Answer the following questions. (35 points)
1. What is psycholinguistics?
考核知识点：psycholinguistics，参见P48
参考答案要点：Psycholinguistics is the study of the relation between language and mind，especially language acquisition and learning，and language comprehension and production．
2. What’s the difference between free morpheme and bound morpheme?
考核知识点：free morpheme and bound morpheme，参见P20
参考答案要点：Morpheme may also be classified according to their role in word formation．
Inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that shows the inflectional changes of the word
and that expresses a certain grammatical meaning．Most of inflectional morphemes in English are
realized through their allomorphs，e．g．{past tense}-->一ed,一d，…An inflectional morpheme does
not change the grammatical class ofthe word，e．g．{change)change is a verb，and{change)+{past
tense)is still a verb．
Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is added to a word to form a new word．
Derivational morpheme may be a bound morpheme such as affixes，but it may also be a free
morpheme such as those used to form a compound．There are six key terms used in derivational
3. Explain pidgin and creole with some examples.
考核知识点：pidgin and creole，参见P43
参考答案要点：Pidgin refers to a kind of lingua franca which is also known as“marginal language”．It has areduced grammatical structure，lexicon and stylistic range and has no native speakers．Theformation of a pidgin usually involves two or more speech communities and requires considerable motivation on the part of the speaker．Pidgin u