1、 习语是民族语言中的精华。它短小精悍、寓意深刻,具有浓郁的民族文化特色。英语习语可包括成语、谚语、俗语、俚语等,其结构既有短语、又有分句、还有句子。把英语习语译成汉语首先要正确理解其含义,认识其文化特点,注意英汉习语之间的异同,然后运用正确的方法翻译。在准确地传达原习语的意义的同时,还应充分考虑到原文的浓郁民族风格——不同的文化背景、不同的思维方式、不同的文法和表达习惯。 一、英汉习语比较 从形和义的角度来看,英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面: A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少,例如: Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人
2、 Who is contented, enjoys.知足者常乐。 Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。 It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山难改,本性难移。 Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。 B. 习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些,例如: as light as a feather(or as thistle-down)轻如鸿毛 to take
3、 a load off one’s mind如释重负 to run in the same groove; to cut from the same cloth.如出一辙 to make a beast of oneself形同禽兽 He that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草绳。 Shallow streams make most din.水深不响, 水响不深。 Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。 Reckless yout
4、h makes rueful age.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 C.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多,例如: When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink. (狗若落水人人救,强调人人伸出援之手。) 救了落水狗,反咬你一口(强调好心得不到好报) Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it. (法盲犯法不可恕,强调严格执行法律。)不知者无罪(强调网开一面) Strike while the iron is hot (强调"抓住时机")趁热打铁(着重"
5、抓紧行动") Lock the stable-door after the horse is stolen.(强调为时已晚。) 亡羊补牢(强调受到损失后想法弥补,以免再受损失。) D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如: A word spoken is past recalling. 一言既出,驷马难追。 Great boast, small roast.干打雷, 不下雨。 Take not a musket to kill a butterfly. 杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。 as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶 to hit so
6、meone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人 as weak as water 弱不禁风 E.英汉习语形义完全不同,例如: cast one’s bread upon the waters不期望报答所作之事 keep the wolf from the door免于饥饿,勉强度日 make one’s blood freeze令人恐惧 have bats in the belfry头脑有点古怪 see the sun活着 二、英语习语的译法 总的说来,英语习语的译法
7、大致可分为直译、直译加注法、套译、意译、直译加意译、意译加注6种。 A. 直译 直译不仅能再现原文的意义和语言形式,还能保持其生动形象的比喻和新颖独特的表达手法, 让读者体会原习语的风采,同时丰富汉语表达形式。象"条条大路通罗马"、"特洛伊木马"等就是通过直译进入汉语语言并成为汉语语言的一部分的。一般说来,英语习语如在形、义上与汉语习语全同或是基本相同的常可采用直译,原习语中的比喻或形象能为汉语读者所接受的有时也可以采用直译。例如: to be armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿(该典故出自从前南美的北海岸的海盗,他们除了两手都持武器外,在牙齿间还要咬一把
8、刀。) Time is money. 时间就是金钱(比"一寸光阴一寸金"流行) to shed crocodile tears 掉鳄鱼眼泪 as cold as ice 冰冷 to trim the sail to the wind看风使帆 Too many cooks spoil the broth. 厨子多了煮坏汤。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 B. 直译加注法 有些习语直译后,仍不能把原意清楚准确地表达出来, 就可采用直译加注释法。例如: a bull in a china shop
9、公牛闯进瓷器店──肆意捣乱 to shed crocodile tears流鳄鱼眼泪──假慈悲 People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss.人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻──居心险恶。 The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora, with this important difference; that they rarely leave hope at botto
10、m. 政府的恩惠如同潘多拉的盒子,后患无穷,主要不同之处是:盒底很少留有希望。 The best fish swim (are) near the bottom.好鱼居水底——有价值的东西不能轻易得到。 Fish begins to stink at the end.鱼要腐烂头先烂——上梁不正下梁歪。 If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind.两人骑一匹马,总有一人坐在后面——两人参加的事只能一人为主。 The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetes
11、t.隔墙的苹果最甜——这山看着那山高。 Don’t forget to cross your t’s.写时不要忘记 t上面那一横——一言一行都不要马虎草率。 C.套译 套译就是借用汉语成语来翻译。由于文化背景不同,原文的形象有时不符合中国习俗,如直译出来寓意就会颇为费解,或原文的形象引起另一种联想,从而影响到原文意思的准确传达,这时大多可以采用套译。英汉习语形异义似时,有时可采用这种译法。例如: Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首,不为牛后。 Some prefer turn
12、ips and others pears.萝卜白菜,各有所爱。(比译为"有人喜欢萝卜,有人喜欢梨"更能为中国读者所理解和接受。 ) as lean as a rail 骨瘦如柴 (如 直译为"瘦得像个横杆",则不符合中国人习惯。) clean hand 两袖清风 It was by no means a bed of rose. 这决不是安乐窝。 He cries wine and sells vinegar. 挂羊头,卖狗肉。 as pale (or white) as ashes( or sheet or death) 面如土色 as red
13、 as rose 艳如桃李 as clear as daylight 洞若观火 All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 He robs Peter to pay Paul. 拆东墙补西墙。 Diamonds cut Diamonds. 棋逢对手,将遇良才。 Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and you’ll get no dough.好借好还,再借不难。 D. 意译 当直译原文结果会令人为费解或造成误解时,如使用套译的结果不理想
14、还可以采用意译。例如: Look at the chaps in politics and business, whose whole lives were passed in skating on thin ice, and getting knighted for it. 试看那些政治上和商业上的家伙们, 他们整个儿的生活都是在风险中度过的,可是都因此封了爵。(to skate on thin ice 若直译为"如履薄冰",则会产生谨慎从事的联想, 有违原意。) to come like a dog at a whistle 一呼即来 Hilter was onc
15、e as proud as a peacock. 希特勒曾是一个不可一世的家伙。 Mary and her mother are as like as two peas.玛丽和她妈妈长得一模一样。(而不是"像两颗豌豆一样相似") 英语习语中有些明喻或由于年代久远,或以讹传讹,或由于比喻与被比喻的相互关系甚为隐晦, 单从字面上难以理解,这时就不必追求原文形式了,而要把原文深层所蕴涵的意思译出来,便于读者直接了解原文的意义。例如: She likes to rubber-neck. 她爱问长问短。 start a hare 话离本题 to bring dow
16、n the house 全场喝彩 plain sailing 一帆风顺 to show one’s clean heels 逃之夭夭 to go on a wild goose chase 枉费心机 as greedy as a wolf 贪得无厌 Every bean has its black. 人皆有短处。 E.直译加意译 这种译法既能保持原文的比喻形象, 同时又能明白清楚地表达寓意。例如: laugh off one’s head笑掉了牙 break the earth破土动工 wash off one’s
17、 hands洗手不干 There is no rose without a thorn.玫瑰皆有刺,乐中必有苦。(比意译的"世上没有十全十美的幸福。"简洁形象。) Every flow has its ebb. 潮有涨落日, 人有盛衰时。 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔, 转业不聚财。 I had won 0 at poker that ordinarily would have burned a hole in my pocket,but I couldn’t shake an overwhelming sadne
18、ss. 我玩扑克游戏赢了三百元。通常,钱烧口袋漏,一有就不留。可我当时极为忧愁烦闷怎么也无法摆脱那种恶劣的心境。 Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗话说, 衣柜里面藏骷髅, 见不得人的事儿家家有。 F. 意译加注 有些英语习语意译成汉语时,如有必要可提供相关的背景的知识,以帮助读者加深对原习语的理解。例如: throw in the sponge 认输,投降 (注:若拳击运动员的副手把擦身用的海绵抛向空中,则表示这个运动员认输因而不进入下一轮比赛。) p
19、our oil on troubled waters 平息风波,息事宁人(注:传说航海遇到风浪时,若把油倒进海里,可起到使海浪平息的作用。) open sesame 敲门砖, 过难关的秘诀(注:《天方夜谈》中的《阿里巴巴与四十大盗》故事说:一个山洞内藏有无数的金银财宝,但洞门紧闭,必须用咒语"开门芝麻"才能打开。) Good wine needs no bush. 酒好客自来。(注:英国从前流行一种风俗,人们常在商店的门口外挂某种东西作为该店经营某种商品的标志, 挂常春藤ivybush标志的常为酒店。) 三、翻译英语习语应注意的几个问题 A. 准确理解习语,切毋望文
20、生义,弄出笑话来。例如下面几例就是因为理解错了,所以译文不对: (1)John likes to pat himself on the back. 约翰喜欢捶自己的背。(正确译法:约翰喜欢自吹。) (2)Then it happened that I had to answer the call of nature, and, passing, I saw the risen dough, which seemed to say to me, "Do it!" In brief, I let myself be persuaded. 碰巧我现在得对自然的召唤作出答复(正确译法:
21、碰巧这时我想解手),走着,我看到了发起来的面团,它好象对我说,"撒吧!"简单地说,我真的这么做了。 (3)He kissed the hare’s foot. 他吻了兔子的脚。(正确译法:他迟到了。) 有时,一些貌似有理据或合乎逻辑的习语极易导致人们相信自己直觉而疏于查考,单从字面或比喻意义去联想,造成理解以至表达的错误。这就要求译者不能马虎,不能望文生义,而需殚精竭虑,采取细针密缕的态度。例如: There is no love lost between them.很容易被理解成"他们彼此恩爱,感情从未破裂",而实际意思却是"他们互相憎恨,毫无爱情可言。" 类似的例子还有:
22、 (1) It is a good horse that never stumbles.好马也有失蹄时。(不宜译成"良马不失蹄") (2) It is a good man that never stumbles, and a good wife that never grumbles. 好丈夫也有过失,好妻子也会唠叨。(不宜译成"从不失足的丈夫是好丈夫,从不唠叨的妻子是好妻子") (3)It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 再坏的鸟也不至于弄脏自己的窝。(不宜译成"弄脏自己的窝的是坏鸟雀".) (4
23、 Time and tide wait for no man. 时光如潮水, 不等任何人。(不宜译为"时光和潮水不等人".) (5) Of soup and love, the first is the best. 恋爱如喝汤, 头一碗最香。(不宜译?quot;头一次喝汤恋爱最好".) (6)In choosing a wife and buying a sword we ought not to trust another. 择妻如选剑, 不能靠别人。(不宜译为 "择妻和选剑不能靠别人。") (7) There was never a night o
24、r a problem that could defeat sunrise or hope. 黑夜不能阻止日出, 难题无法抹杀希望。(不宜译为 "黑夜和难题无法击败日出和希望") (8) People will be long forgetting her.人们会长久记住她的。(不宜译为 "人们在很长时间内会忘记她".) B. 采用套译法时,要特别注意避免使用民族特色太浓的汉语成语来套译英语习语,否则译文在上下文中就会显得不伦不类,损及原意。例如: (1) Beauty lies in lover’s eyes.情人眼里出美人。(不宜译作"情人眼里出西施".)
25、 (2) Many heads are better than one. 一人不及众人计。(不宜译作"三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮".) (3)Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要教鱼儿游泳。(不宜译作"不要班门弄斧".) (4) Even a worm will turn. 逼人入绝境,绵羊也反抗(不宜译作"狗急跳墙".) (5)Give a dog a bad (an ill) name and hang him. 谗言可畏(不宜译为"欲加之罪,何患无辞",其本意是指"一旦给人加个坏名声,他就很难洗刷掉了".) (6) L
26、ock the stable door when the horse has been stolen.贼去关门。 (不宜译作"亡羊补牢",其原意是"马盗锁厩门,为时已太晚".) (7) A miss is as good as a mile. 错无大小, 其错一样。 (不宜译作"失之毫厘,谬以千里".) (8) have the face 恬不知耻,厚脸皮(不是有面子) (9) to pull somebody’s leg 开玩笑(不是拖后腿) (10) a big fish in a small pond 山中无老虎,猴子也称王。(或: 林中无鸟雀称王。不是
27、"小塘容不下大鱼".) C.有些习语有多种译法,哪种译法恰当要视具体语境而定: (1)Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. (金钱)积少自然成多。/小事谨慎,大事自成。 (2)One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。/轻率推论必成大错。/一关渡过并非万事大吉。 (3) Still water runs deep. 静水流深。/外表淡漠然而内心深情。/沉默者深谋。 (4)Don’t cross th
28、e bridge till you get to it.到了桥边才过桥。/不必担心太早。/不必自寻烦恼。 (5)He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好(鼓励)。/不要高兴得太早(警告)。 (6)Don’t cast out the foul water till you bring in the clean.清水未来,莫泼脏水。/新的不来,旧的莫丢。 中国独特概念词英文表达法 1、中国意念词(Chinesenesses) 八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao(cf. logo)
29、 江湖(世界) the jianghu World (the traits’ world) e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖,身不由己) 道 Daoism(Taoism) 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学(《红楼梦》研究) redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 kaifang (Chinese openness to the outside world) 大锅
30、饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on … 合乎国情,顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派,乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge 铁交椅 iron
31、lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post 脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty 治则兴,乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline 2 、中华民族的喜庆节日(Chinese Festivial) 国庆节 National Day 中秋节 Mia-Autumn Festival 春节 Spring Festival 元宵节 Lantern Festival 儿童节 Children’s Day 端
32、午节 Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节 Women’s Day 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day 教师节 Teachers’ Day 五四青年节 Youth Day 3、中国独特的传统饮食(Unique Traditional Chinese Foods) 馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal 盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away 米豆腐 rice tofu
33、 魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu 米粉 rice noodles 冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 火锅 chafing dish 八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding 粉丝 glass noodles 豆腐脑 jellied bean curd 4 、中国新兴事物(Newly Sprouted Things) 中国电信 China Telecom 中国移动 China Mobile 十五计划 the 10th Five-Year
34、 Plan 中国电脑联网 Chinanet 三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project 希望工程 Project Hope 京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway 扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project 菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程 Decent-Life Project 安居工程 Economy Housing Project 扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign 西部大开发 Go-West Campaign 5 、特有的
35、一些汉语词汇 禅宗 Zen Buddhism 禅 dhyana; dhgaya 混沌 chaos 道 Daosim, the way and its power 四谛 Four Noble Truth 八正道 Eightfold Path 无常 anity 五行说 Theory of Five Elements 无我 anatman 坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation 空 sunyata 虚无 nothingness 双喜 double happiness(中),a dou
36、bled stroke of luck(英) 小品 witty skits 相声 cross-talk 噱头;掉包袱 gimmick, stunt 夜猫子 night people; night-owls 本命年 this animal year of sb. 处世之道 philosophy of life 姻缘 yinyuan(prefixed fate of marriage) 还愿 redeem a wish (vows) 6 、具有文化特色的现代表述 大陆中国 Mainland China 红宝书 little r
37、ed book 红色中国 socialist China 四化 Four Modernizations 终生职业 job-for-life 铁饭碗 iron rice bowl 大锅饭 communal pot 关系户 closely-related units 外出打工人员 migrant workers 关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild 五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德):the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, d
38、isciplines and morals 四美(心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美): the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment 7 、中国古代独特事物(Unique Ancient Chinese Items) 宣纸 rice paper 衙门 yamen 叩头 kowtow 孔子Confucius 牌楼 pailou;pai-loo 武术 wushu(Chinese Martial Arts
39、 功夫 kungfu ;kung fu 中庸 the way of medium (cf. Golden Means) 中和 harmony (zhonghe) 孝顺 to show filial obedience 孝子 dutiful son 家长 family head 三纲:君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife 五常:仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues:
40、 benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity 八股文 eight-legged essays 多子多福:The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness 养儿防老:raising sons to support one in one’s old age 8、 近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译 基层监督 grass-roots supervision 基础税率 base tariff
41、level 婚介所 matrimonial agency 婚外恋 extramarital love 婚纱摄影 bride photo 黑心棉 shoddy cotton 机器阅卷 machine scoring 即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 价格听证会 public price hearings 甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team 家政服务 household managemen
42、t service 加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐 accounting fraud 叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel 矫情 use lame arguments 渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence 借调 temporarily transfer 扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group. 扩大内需,刺激消
43、费expand domestic demand and consumption 高级口译学习笔记:Cultural Exchange文化交流 一、词汇 汉字的四声(平声、上声、仄声和去声) the four tones of Chinese characters, namely, the level tone, the rising tone, the falling-rising tone, and the falling tone 笔画 stroke 部首 radical 偏旁 basic character component 象形文字 pictograph
44、 独角戏 monodrama/one-man play 皮影戏 shadow play 折子戏 opera highlights 单口相声 monologue comic talk 对口相声 comic cross talk 说书 monologue story-telling 传说 legend 神话 mythology 寓言 fable 武术 martial art 气功 controlled breathing exercise 气功疗法 breathing technique therapy 春联 spring couplet 剪纸
45、paper-cut 戏剧脸谱 theatrical mask 草药的四气:寒、热、温、凉 four properties of medicinal herb: cold, hot, warm and cool 草药的五味:酸、苦、甘、辛、咸 five tastes of medicinal herb: sour, bitter, sweet, hot and salty 二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms 天干地支 the heavenly stems and earthly branches 清明节 the Pure Brightnes
46、s Day 端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival 文化事业 cultural undertaking 民族文化 national culture 民间文化 folk culture 乡土文化 native/country culture 跨文化交流 cross-cultural communication 文化冲击 culture shock 表演艺术 performing art 舞台艺术 stage art 流行艺术 popular/pop art 高雅艺术 eleg
47、ant/high art 电影艺术 cinematographic art 十四行诗 sonnet 三幕六场剧 a three-act and six-scene play 音乐舞台剧 musical 复活节 Easter 万圣节 Halloween 内容与形式的统一 unity of content and form 古为今用,洋为中用。 Make the past serve the present and the foreign serve China. 中国是一个历史悠久、文化灿烂的多民族国家。 China is a multinatio
48、nal country with a long history and splendid culture. 文化交流不是让外国文化吞没自己的文化,而是为了丰富和充实本民族的文化。 Cultural exchange is by no means a process of losing one’s won culture to a foreign culture, but one of inriching a nation’s own culture. 二、练习 【难度指数】☆☆☆ 【难易程度】a piece of cake 筷子起源于中国,现在许多亚洲国家都使用它。第一批筷子是骨头或玉制成的。在春秋时期出现了铜制和铁制的筷子。 在古代,富人家用玉或金子制成筷子以显示其家庭的富有。许多帝王有银制的筷子来检查他们的食物是否被投了毒。 友情提示: 筷子:chopsticks 玉:jade






