初中语法之介词、连词.doc

介词（prep.)
一、介词按其构成可分为：
1. 简单介词：at, in, on, to, since, until 等。 He's worked there since 1998.
2. 复合介词：into, onto, out of 等。 She is out of school.
3. 二重介词：from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in 等。 I'm from out of town.
4. 短语介词：because of, instead of, in spite of 等。
Eg: I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired.
二、介词的作用：
1. 表示地点：after, along, at, below, by, of, near, over, through, under 等。
Eg: Near the village the boys are skating on the ice.
　　They lay down under the shade of a tree.
 2. 表示时间：about, after, across, at, during, for, in, of till, until 等。
Eg: After class he will tell us about the accident.
　 The accident happened during the night.
 3. 表示动作：at, across, around, on, over, under 等。
Eg: The earth goes around the sun. The car is under repair.
 4. 表示比较：as, like, above, over, with 等。如：
Eg: She was something like her sister.
　　Chinese is much more difficult in contrast with English.
 5. 表示原因：about, for, from, with 等。
Eg: Don't worry about my lessons. Business kept me from coming.
　 He was angry with what I did.
 6. 表示条件：to, with, without 等。
Eg: Without your advice, he would have failed.
7. 表示手段、方式：as, by, in, with 等。
Eg: He behaved as a drunkard. Learn the new words by heart. 　We see with our eyes.
 8. 表示距离、数量：from, in, within 等。
Eg: My house is ten miles from the school. They were thirty in all.
 9. 表示目的：as, for 等。
Eg: I only said it as a joke. It's time for class.
 10. 表示让步：for, with 等。
Eg: For all his effort, he didn't succeed.
　　With all his money, he is unhappy.
注：for 还可以引导插入语：I, for one, shall vote against the proposal.

三、介词的用法：
1. 与形容词搭配的词组有：
　　be afraid of(怕) be angry with(生某人的气) be away from(不在某地) be late for(迟到)
　　be different from(与……不同) be good at(善于) be good/ bad for (对……有益/有害)
　　be interested in(对……感兴趣) be/get ready for(为作好准备) be sure of (对……有把握)
　　be worried about(为……感到担忧)
2. 介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词 -ing 形式
3. 几组易混淆的介词
① 关于时间前介词的具体使用，如下：
1）介词“on”表示在具体的某一天，某一天的上午、下午或晚上，或对某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上进行详细的描述：
on Monday afternoon on Monday on that day on a sunny day in November on Sunday
on May 1st On New Year's Day on weekends on the morning of the fifteenth on a warm day
2)“in”表时间段，即指在较长的一段时间内，相当于during
年份：in （the year) 2012
季节：in spring/summer/autumn/winter
月份：in August in August 2012
上下午：in the morning/afternoon/evening
其他：in the winter holiday（s);in the daytime
注：“in + 一段时间”用于将来时（will + do),用how soon提问
“in/over the past + 一段时间”，常用于现在完成时（have done)
“since + 过去时间点”，常用于现在完成时（have done)
“after + 一段时间”常用于一般过去时(did)
3)at表示在某一具体时刻或钟点，有时也表示在某一节假日：
at 8:30 at noon at night at the beginning of at first at dinner time at Christmas at/on the weekend at breakfast/lunch/dinner
② at和in: at后常接小地点，如村庄、码头、机场、车站；in后常接大地点，如国家、城市、地区等
③ in, on, to, off: in在某区域范围内的位置；on表示紧挨着的位置；to表示有间隔的位置；off用于岛屿
④ after指顺序先后；behind指位置在某事物之后，相对于in front of而言
⑤ on，in：on表示在某事物表面上；如将事物看作空间，表示其内部，则用prep. in
⑥ from, off：都表示“离开”，但二者用法不同，off常和v.连用：The train starts from BJ. fall off the..
⑦ above, over, below, under: over, under表示垂直的上下位置关系，而above，below仅表示位置上的高低
⑧ between, among：between表示（两个事物）之间；among表示（三者或三者以上）之间
⑨ in front of, in the front of:
⑩ on, onto: on表示“在...表面上”， onto表示“到...上”
Eg: A boat is on the river.
He jumped onto a table.
4. 动词、形容词、名词等常和介词构成固定搭配，在这些词后常要用一定的介词，如：
① v. + prep.: laugh at, wait for
② adj./p.p. + prep.: be interested in
③ n. + prep.: play a visit to, the key to
④ 一些其他短语：to one’s surprise/joy; instead of; in bed/hospital; in trouble; in a hurry;
in surprise; with a smile; according to; at once; on time; in time; in all;
at home/school/work; at last; at least; in the end; by the way; for example;
at the same time; at the speed of; on one’s way ; in the sun; on the football
team; with the help of; in red; put on; look for; look after; run after; send for;
pay for; show around; listen to; arrive at/in; agree with; succeed in; think of/about

连词（conj.）
一、含义：连接词与词、短语与短语或引导从句的虚词叫连词。
二、连词的分类：根据性质，conj.分为“并列conj.”和“从属conj.”
1. 并列连词：
连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。主要用来表示并列、转折、选择、因果推理关系等
① 表示并列关系的conj.主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等含义。常见的有：and; both...and; either...or...;
neither...nor...; not only...but also...; as well as 并列的双方是对等的，意义趋向一致的
Eg: Robot as well as his parents_______(be) going on holiday this summer.
② 表示转折关系的并列conj.有：but, yet, still, while
Eg: The winter in BJ is very cold while that of Hangzhou is warm.
We explained twice, still she couldn’t understand.
③ 表示选择关系的并列conj.有：or; or else; otherwise; neither...nor...; either...or
Eg: You can come either on Monday or on Tuesday.
Neither you nor I believes such things.
④ 表示因果关系的并列conj.有：so, for, then, therefore. 连接的双方互为因果，或前因后果，或前果后因
Eg: We must be off now, for the match starts at 7:00.
I had broken my glasses, so I couldn’t see what was happening.
注：并列conj.for引导的分句只能放在句尾，前面用逗号隔开，表示补充说明的微弱理由，只是为前面的内容
提供判断的理由，有时译为并列的某种形式。
2. 从属连词：
用于引导从句，种类繁多，主要有以下几种：
① 引导时间状语从句的从属conj.主要有when, while, as, the moment, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as等
1） 表示“当...时”或“每当”的时间conj.主要有when, while,as, whenever
Eg: I jumped up when the phone rang.
They listened while the teacher read.
2) 表示“在...之前或之后”的时间conj.主要有：before, after
3) “自从或“直到”的时间conj.主要有：since, until, till
Eg: He has lived here since he got married.
Most men worked until(till) they’re 60.
4) 表示“一...就...”的时间conj.主要有：as soon as; the moment; the minute; once; no sooner...than
Eg: Tell him the news as soon as you see him.
I recognized her the moment I saw her.
5) 表示“上次”，“下次”、“每次”等的时间conj.主要有：every time; each time; (the)next/last/first time
Eg: Last time I saw him, he looked ill.
Do look me up next time you’re in Lindon.
② 引导原因状从的从属conj.主要有：because, since（常译为“既然”）
Eg: Because it was wet, he took a taxi.
I will ask Tom to go with me since you’re very busy.
③ 引导条件状从的从属conj.主要有：if, unless, once等
Eg: I will ring you up if he arrives on time.
He didn’t go to bed unless his father came back.
④ 引导让步状从的从属conj.主要有：although; though
Eg: He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.
⑤ 引导结果状从的从属conj.主要有：so; sothat; such...that; so that
Eg: Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet.
He gets up so early in the morning st that he can get the school bus.
⑥ 引导比较状从的从属conj.主要有：than, as...as
Eg：He was more friendly than his brother.
⑦ 不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词
1）because（因为），so （所以）不能同时出现在一个句子里，只能用其一
Eg: Because he was tired,he couldn’t walk here.
=He was tired,so he couldn’t walk there.
2) （al）though（虽然），but（但是）不能同时出现在一个句子里，只能用其一。但（al）though和 yet 可以
同时出现在一个句子里（yet 用作副词）
Eg: Though he was tired,he still worked hard. = He was tired,but he still worked hard.
⑧ and和or
1）在否定句中，如果所连接的两部分都有否定词那么用“and”而不用“or”
Eg：There is no water and no air on the moon.
2）在否定句中，without + and；
在肯定句中，without + or 构成完全否定。
Eg: Man can’t live without air and water = Man will die without air or water.