Unit-4Astronomy：the-science-of-the-stars单元重点用法复习(人教版必修3).doc

Unit 4　Astronomy：the science of the stars重点复习（人教版必修3）
单词拓展
1.________n．天文学　________adj.天文学的　________n．天文学家
2．________n．理论
3．________n．大气层；气氛
4．________n．生物学　________n．生物学家　________adj.生物学的
5．________n．地心引力；重力
6．________n．卫星；人造卫星
7．________n．物理学家　________adj.物理的　________n．物理
8．________vt.乘增加
9．________vi.存在　________n．存在
10．________vt.使……迷惑　________n．难题；谜　________adj.迷惑不解的
11．________vi. & vt.碰撞；坠落
12．________adj.猛烈的　________n．暴力　________adv.猛烈地
13．________adj.有害的　________n．害处　________vt.对……有害
14．________adj.全世界的；全球性的　________n．球体；地球仪
15．________prep.不像；和……不同

句型背诵
1.The earth became________violent________it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.
地球变得如此猛烈以至于不明确是否它的形状会保持这个样子。
2．This produced a chain reaction，which made________possible for life to develop.
这引起一连串的反应，使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。
3．But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried________ _______ ________ ________on the earth and fell over.
而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
4．When we get closer to the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us but it will not be ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ the earth's.
我们离月球越近，就会感觉到月球的引力在吸引我们，但不如地球的引力那么强。
5．Walking does need a bit of practice ________ ________ gravity has changed.
既然重力改变了，走路也确实需要练一练了。
自我诊断
单词拓展
1．astronomy，astronomer，astronomic　2.theory　3.atmosphere
4．biology，biologist，biological　5.gravity　6.satellite　7.physicist，physics，physical　8.multiply　9.exist，existence　10.puzzle，puzzle，puzzled　11.crash　12.violent，violence，violently　13.harmful，harm，harm　14.global，globe　15.unlike
句型背诵
1．so；that　2.it　3.twice as far as　4.as strong a pull as
5．now that
考 点 串 串 讲
重点单词
1.as conj.随着，当……的时候
●用法拓展
(1)prep.作为，当作
(2)adv.同样地
(3)conj.引导时间状语从句，在……期间；当……时候
(4)conj.引导原因状语从句，由于，因为
(5)conj.引导让步状语从句，尽管；即使；虽然
(6)conj.引导方式状语从句，以……方式
(7)关系代词，引导定语从句
①As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.
随着年纪越来越大，他除了喜欢园艺以外，对一切都失去了兴趣。
②We had better treat it as a joke.
我们最好把它当作玩笑。
③She is as tall as her mother.
她和她母亲一样高。
④As I am going to repair my bike, I need a hammer.
因为我将修理我的自行车，我需要一把锤子。
⑤Intelligent as you are, I suspect you will fail.
尽管你聪明，我猜你会失败。
⑥Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.
如你所知，塞浦路斯是地中海的岛国。
●特别提醒
表示“随着……”时，也可以用with短语(with复合结构)。
随着这个国家财富的增加，更多的浪费将会产生。
①As the wealth of the country increases, more waste will be produced.
②With the wealth of the country increasing, more waste will be produced.
即境活用
单项填空
①The Beatles, ________ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A．what　　　　　　　　B．that
C．how D．as
②China is to have more giant pandas, ________ 13 female pandas are expecting babies this year.
A．so B．if
C．though D．as
③________ children get older, they become more and more interested in the things around them.
A．While B．When
C．As D．With
④I couldn't do my homework with all that noise ________.
A．going on B．goes on
C．went on D．to go on

答案：①D　②D　③C　④A　
2．lay vt.放置；压倒；使躺下；放到 vt. & vi.生蛋，产卵
①He laid his coat over a chair.
他把外套放在椅子上。
②The trees were laid flat by heavy wind.
树木被风刮倒了。
③The hens don't lay eggs during this cold weather.
这样冷的天气母鸡不会下蛋。
●易混辨析
动词
原形
第三人
称单数
过去式
过去
分词
现在
分词
中文释义
lie
lies
lied
lied
lying
撒谎；谎话
lie
lies
lay
lain
lying
躺；位于
lay
lays

laid
laid
laying
放置；下蛋
①Obviously he was lying.显然他是在撒谎。
②There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.
山脚下有一个小镇。
即境活用
单项填空
The camera isn't ________. It still ________ where I ________ it a month ago.
A．missed; lies; lay　　　　　　B．missing; lies; laid
C．gone; lays; laid D．lost; lays; lay
答案：B　
3．prevent vt.阻止；制止
①Vitamin C is supposed to prevent colds.
维他命C被认为能预防感冒。
②Nothing can prevent us from carrying out the plan.
什么也不能阻止我们执行这个计划。
●特别提醒
stop...from...和keep...from...也有相同意思，但需要注意的是在keep...from...短语中，介词from不能省略，因为keep sb. doing sth.的意思是“使某人一直做某事”。
①His father stopped/prevented/kept him from joining the army.
他爸爸阻止他参军。
②Let's hurry. Don't keep him waiting.
我们快一点，不要让他等着。
●易混辨析
prevent...from与protect...from
(1)prevent...from...阻止某人做某事
(2)protect...from...保护……免受……
①She protected her eyes from the sun with her hand.
她用手遮住太阳保护眼睛。
②All visitors were prevented from touching the painting.
所有参观者都被阻止触摸那幅画。
即境活用
单项填空
①Many fast­growing countries are less concerned with protecting ________ against climate change.
A．one　　B．oneself
C．them D．themselves
②We must do what we can to prevent the rivers from ________ by factories.
A．to pollute B．to be polluted
C．polluting D．being polluted

答案：①D　②D　
4．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；粗暴的；暴力的
Violent criminals like that are a danger to society.
那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。
The boat sank in a violent storm at sea.
船在海上强烈的风暴中沉没。
●用法拓展
a violent death横死，暴死
lay violent hands on对……行凶，对……下毒手
a violent dislike极端的厌恶
violence n．暴力，粗暴，猛烈
do violence to损害；污辱，歪曲事实
use violence使用暴力
即境活用
单项填空
①That morning，they had a________quarrel，and she threatened him with a kitchen knife.
A．harmful　　　　　　　　B．gentle
C．violent D．fundamental
②She was in a________temper and began throwing things about.
A．harmful B．poor
C．gentle D．violent

答案：①C　②D　
5．unlike prep.不像；不同于　adj.不同的；不相似的
He managed to finish the race，unlike most of the competitors.
他在比赛中坚持跑完了全程，不像大部分选手那样半途而废。
His new novel is unlike all his previous ones.
他新出的这部小说与他以前的不同。
●用法拓展
It is unlike sb. to do sth.做某事不是某人的特点(风格)。
dislike vt.不喜欢，讨厌
unlikely adj.不大可能的
likely adj.有可能的
即境活用
翻译句子
①中国的北方不比南方，春天老刮风。
________________________________________________________________________
②她不像她妈妈；她很高，而她妈妈很矮。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①The north of China，unlike the south，is windy in spring.
②She is unlike her mother；she is tall and her mother is very short.
6．harmful adj.有害的，其反义词为harmless。
It is generally accepted that smoking is harmful to our health.
吸烟有害健康，这是大家公认的。
It's harmful to your eyes to read in the bus.
在公共汽车上看书对你的眼睛有害。
The dog seems fierce，but he's harmless.
这狗看似凶狠，但不伤人。
●用法拓展
harm n．伤害；损害，常构成do harm to...或do sb. harm结构。
vt.伤害；损害
It wouldn't do him any harm to work a bit harder.
工作努力点对他没什么害处。
There was a traffic accident in this street，but no one was harmed.
这街上发生了交通事故，但没有人受伤。
即境活用
单项填空
If the factories keep on sending off this kind of smoke，great harm will be__to the living things here.
A．made B．done
C．taken D．suffered

答案：B
7．puzzle vt.使迷惑；使为难；使窘困　vi.感到迷惑　n．(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜
What puzzles me is why they didn't show up.
令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。
Her decision was a puzzle to him.
她的决定对他来说是个谜。
I have been puzzling about this question for weeks now.
我对这个问题已冥思苦想了好几个星期。
●用法拓展
puzzled adj.迷惑不解的，常用来修饰人。
puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的，常用来修饰事物。
She listened with a puzzled expression on her face.
她脸上带着困惑的表情在倾听着。
The teacher's explanation clarifies the puzzling problem.
老师的说明澄清了令人迷惑不解的问题。
即境活用
单项填空
________at what had happened，she decided to look into the matter on her own.
A．Puzzle B．To puzzled
C．Puzzled D．Puzzling
答案：C
8．exist vi.存在；生存；维持生存
●用法拓展
exist in存在于……之中
exist by靠……生存
come into existence开始存在；成立
bring into existence使发生；产生
即境活用
单项填空
People do not now believe in the________of ghosts.
A．birth B．evidence
C．existence D．occurrence
答案：C　句意为：现在人们不相信鬼魂的存在。existence“存在”；birth“出生”；evidence“证据；物证”；occurrence“发生(的事情)，出现；存在(的事物)”。
9．mass n．团；块；质量；大量；体积
●用法拓展
masses of大量的；许多的
a mass of许多的；大量的
be a mass of...满是……；遍布着……
in the mass大体上；大致上
the(great)mass of大多数；大部分
●特别提醒
a mass of和masses of可以修饰可数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与mass的单复数形式保持一致。
即境活用
单项填空
________work has been done to prevent the water being polluted.
A．A plenty of B．A number of
C．A mass of D．A great many
答案：C　a mass of可以修饰可数名词或不可数名词；a number of与a great many只能修饰可数名词复数；A项表述错误，应为plenty of，题中work为不可数名词，所以C项正确。
10．presence n．在场；存在
①She was so quiet that her presence was hardly noticed.
她那么安静，几乎没有人注意到她在这里。
②Since she joined the team last season she has made her presence felt.
自从上个赛季加入这个队以来，她就使人感到她是个举足轻重的队员。
③He is very polite in the presence of his friends.
在朋友面前他很有礼貌。
●用法拓展
adj. 出席；在场，作定语时要后置，可构成短语be present at。
adj.当前的；目前的
vt.提请；授予
absent adj.不在场的；缺席，可构成短语be absent from。
①Do you know the people present at the meeting?
你认识开会的人吗？
②The present situation is very serious.
目前的情况很严重。
③He wants to present some money to the school.
他想给那所学校捐些钱。
④Why were you absent from the meeting yesterday?
你为什么没有出席昨天的会议？
即境活用
单项填空
He is very brave and always remains calm in the ________ of danger.
A．patience　　　　　　　　B．expression
C．impression D．presence
答案：D　
重点短语
1.get/have the hang of熟悉，掌握；理解某事
Press the button when the light goes on—you'll soon get the hang of it.
灯亮时按这个按钮——你很快会熟悉它的用法。
单项填空
The animals could no longer pull the wagons too weak to pull their burden, and their tongues ________ desperate need of water.
A．hanged out in　　　　　　B．hanged out for
C．hung out in D．hung out for
答案：C　
2．too much 太多
The Cambridge team were too much for the Oxford team in the quiz.
在智力竞赛中，剑桥队远胜于牛津队。
●易混辨析
much too与too much
much too“太非常”，副词词组，修饰形容词、副词，但不能修饰动词。
too much作“太多”解释，有以下三种用法：
(1)用作名词词组。
(2)用作副词词组，修饰不及物动词。
(3)用作形容词词组，修饰不可数名词。
①He is much too busy to look after his old father.
他太忙了，以至于不能照顾他的老父亲。
②You have given me too much.
你给我的太多了。
③ She talks too much.
她说得太多。
④There is too much snow.
雪太多了。
即境活用
单项填空
I don't think the maths problem is ________ difficult for her.
A．too much　 B．much too
C．very much D．much

答案：B　
3．cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋
Cheer up! Things are not so bad as they seem.
振作起来！情况并不像看上去那样糟。
The news cheered him up.
这消息使他高兴起来。
Mrs. Green did not appear to be able to cheer up.
格林太太好像怎么也提不起兴致来。
●用法拓展
give three cheers (for)(为……)欢呼三声
good cheer佳肴美酒，丰盛的食物
take good cheer from sth.(因某事而)感到振奋
with good cheer 高高兴兴地，欢乐地，心甘情愿地
words of cheer鼓励的话
即境活用
单项填空
①—I seem to be useless and I can do nothing well.
—________， Peter. It's not that bad. Things will get better.
A．Turn up　 B．Bring up
C．Break up D．Cheer up
②The nurse tried to ________ up the little boy when he started to cry.
A．cheer B．dress
C．get D．make

答案：①D　②A　
4．break out爆发；突然发生
A huge forest fire broke out after the lightning struck.
闪电打下来之后，突然引起一场森林大火。
He predicted that war would break out in the next few years.
他预言战争将在下几年中爆发。
We had been forewarned that fire could break out.
已经事先警告过我们有发生火灾的危险。
●易混辨析
break out，take place，happen与come about
break out仅用于负面场合，多指灾难、战争、疾病之类现象的突然发生、爆发。
take place没有被动语态，指事先计划好或预想到的事情的发生。如：
Great changes have taken place in China in the past ten years.
在过去十年里中国发生了巨大变化。
happen是不及物动词，没有被动语态，指一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生。如：
A big earthquake happened in America.
美国发生了一次大地震。
come about属于中性词语，既可用于表达正面事物的发生，又可用于表达负面事物的发生。如：
Tell me how the accident came about，will you?
请告诉我事故发生的经过，好吗？
●用法拓展
break through突破　break up分裂，结束；解散
break into闯入　break in闯入；强行进入，插嘴
break down破坏；拆散，(机器)损坏，失败
即境活用
用break短语的正确形式填空
①A thief________and stole many precious treasures.
②The soldiers________the enemy's defence workers in the end.
③News reports say peace talks between the two countries have________with no agreement reached.
④The robber________the bank，trying to take away some money.
⑤A quarrel________between them last week.
答案：①broke in　②broke through　③broken down　④broke into　⑤broke out
5．in time迟早；早晚，相当于sooner or later；及时；不迟
If you work hard，you will succeed in time.
如果你努力工作，你最终会成功的。
I intended to catch the early train，but I didn't get up in time.
我本来打算赶早班的火车，但是我起晚了。
Firemen reached the house on fire in time.
消防队员及时赶到那幢失火的房子。
●用法拓展
in time for...后接名词，意为“刚好赶上……”。in time to do sth.及时做某事
I saved my bacon by arriving just in time for the meeting.
我刚好及时到会，才算没受责备。
The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident.
汽车及时停下，避免了一场车祸。
即境活用
单项填空
After many years of hard work，they achieved their goal________.
A．at time B．in time
C．for time D．with time
答案：B
6．in one's turn轮到某人；接着
They all spoke at the meeting，each in his turn.
他们每个人都在会上轮流发言了。
●用法拓展
常见的由turn构成的短语和句型有：
in turn依次，轮流；反之，反过来
by turns轮流；交替地
take turns to do sth轮流做某事
it is one's turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事
She asked the same question of everyone in turn.
她依次向每一个人问同样的问题。
The shop assistants had to have their days off by turns.
店员要轮流休息。
It is your turn to read the text.
该轮到你读课文了。
The children were taking turns on the slides in the playground.
孩子们在操场上轮流滑滑梯。
即境活用
单项填空
Each neighbor________keep an eye on the children walking back from school.
A．in turn B．in return
C．in reply D．in need
答案：A
7．now that既然
●用法拓展
①其他引导原因状语从句的连词
because“因为”；since“既然”(可与now that互换)；as“由于”；for“因为”(并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首)。
②表示原因的其他短语：
due to起因于；归功于
because of因为
on account of为了……的缘故
owing to因为；由于
thanks to由于；多亏
●特别提醒
①now that是连词词组，引导原因状语从句，口语中that可以省略，只用now连接从句。
②due to表原因时，一般不能放在句首。
即境活用
单项填空
①________I've heard the music，I understand why you like it.
A．Unless B．Even though
C．Now that D．In case
②________everyone is here，let's begin our meeting!
A．Now that B．That
C．As if D．If
答案：①C　分析句意可知，空格处表示原因，因此C项正确。
②A　通过语境可知，句意为：既然大家都来了，我们开会吧！now that引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”，符合此处句意。
重点句式
1.It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.
水会对于生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。
本句是名词性从句在句中作主语，虽然是以it开头，但是it只起到形式主语的作用，真正的主语是that water was to be fundamental to the development of life。用it作形式主语是因为that引导的从句较长，如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚轻了。类似的还有：
It is no wonder that he has passed the exam.
他顺利通过了考试 ，这一点不奇怪。
It is reported that Liu Xiang has scratched from the 110m hurdles with his hurt foot in the Olympic Games.
据报道，奥运会上刘翔因脚部受伤而退出110米栏的比赛。
即境活用

单项填空
①________he will stay in the company is what his friends most care about.
A．That B．If
C．Whether D．What
②After 5,000 years of history，________is no surprise that many Chinese people have become pretty set in their ways.
A．it B．that
C．which D．there

答案：①C　②A　
2．Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water.
另外一些叫做两栖动物，他们既能在陆地上生活，也能在水里生活。
●用法拓展
(1)本句中others指的除了insects之外的land animals, 后面的called amphibians作定语修饰others。 some...others常放在一起使用，表示“一些……一些……；有些……有些……”。如：
Some students are reading books and others(＝other students) are writing their compositions.
有的学生在看书，有的在写作文。
(2)as well as表示“(除……之外)也；既……又”。如：
I'm learning French as well as English.
我除学英语之外还学法语。
He grows flowers as well as vegetables.
他既种菜也种花。
●特别提醒
as well as连接主语时，谓语动词的形式由as well as前面的名词决定。如：
The teacher as well as several students is doing experiments in the lab.
老师和几个学生正在实验室做实验。
即境活用
翻译句子
①一些人支持他，而另一些人反对他。
________________________________________________________________________
②教授和他的几个学生正在准备做实验。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：①Some people supported him, and others were against him.
②The professor as well as a few of his students is preparing to do experiments.
3．Why they suddenly disappeared still remains at mystery.
他们为什么会突然灭绝至今还是个谜。
●用法拓展
(1)本句中why they suddenly disappeared是名词性从句在句中作主语，引导词是关系副词why，在从句中作原因状语。能够引导名词性从句的关系副词还有：when，where，how等，在从句中都是作状语。如：
Please remind me w