语法专题二--代词.doc

语法专题二 代词（pron.）
【考纲要求】
（1）人称代词（2）物主代词（3）反身代词（4）指示代词（5）不定代词（6）疑问代词
一、 代词定义
代词是用来代替名词或起名词作用的词、短语和句子。
二、 代词的分类
代词按照意义、特征及语法功能可分为九类。
（一） 人称代词
人称代词指我，你，他等词，有人称、性别、单复数和格的变化。主格在句中做主语，宾格在句中做宾语。

单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you

第三人称
he
him
they
them
she
her
it
it
（二） 物主代词
物主代词指示我的，你的，他的等词，用来表示所有关系。物主代词分为形容词性和名词性两种，形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，放在名词前做定语；名词性物主代词相当于名词，在句中可以充当主语、表语和宾语。

单数
复数
一
二
三
一
二
三
形容词性
my
your
his/her/its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his/hers/its
ours
yours
theirs
（三） 反身代词
反身代词意为“某人自己”，指动作反身到动作执行者本身或进行强调。反身代词可用作第二、三主语，宾语，表语及习惯用语。

单数
复数
第一人称
myself
ourselves
第二人称
yourself
yourselves
第三人称
himself/herself/itself
themselves

指示代词
this, that, such, so, the same
these those
疑问代词
what, which, who, whom, whose
关系代词
that, which, who, whose, as
连接代词
who, whom, whose, which, what whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever

不定
代词

all, both, either, other, another, one, each, many, much,
(a) few, (a) little, some, any, none, no one…
复合不定代词
someone, anyone, something, anything, nothing, everything, everyone, nobody…
相互
代词
宾格
each other, one another
所有格
each other’s, one another’s

注意：
1、表示某人自己的东西时，要用“形容词性物主代词+own+名词”或者“a（an, some, any）+名词+ of + one’s +own”，不能用反身代词+名词。
如：I want to have my own computer.
Students need those stories if their own.
2、带有反身代词的惯用语
by oneself
亲自
talk to oneself
自言自语
to oneself
暗自
make oneself at home
随便些
of oneself
自动地
in oneself
本质上
amuse oneself
自娱
call oneself
自称
devote oneself
致力于
teach oneself
自学
for oneself
为自己
dress oneself
自己穿
find oneself
不知不觉处于
excuse oneself
自我辩解
enjoy oneself
过得愉快
lose oneself
迷路
help yourself
请吃……
buy oneself
自己买
（四）指示代词
表示这个，那个，这些，那些, 同样的，这样的，这样等意思的代词。在句中主要充当主、宾、定和表语。
this/these
1.一般用于时间或空间较近的事物；2.常指后面将要讲到的事物；3.打电话时，this表示我。
that/those
1.一般用于时间或空间较远的事物；2.常指前面讲过的事物；
3.打电话时， that表示你。
same
常用结构the same或the same…as。在句中可作主语，表语，宾语和定语。
so/such
so用作副词，修饰后面的形容词或副词。另so还可知道前面的句子（I hope so.）；such用作形容词，修饰后面的名词。
（五）不定代词
不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1. some 和any： “一些”，可修饰可数名词或不可数名词，但前者常用于肯定句中，后者多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，可作主语、宾语和定语。
如：Some students are talking in the class.
I can’t see any student in the class at weekend.
2. each 和 every： “每个”前者强调“个体”指两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个，在句中作主语、定语和宾语；后者强调“整体”指三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个，在句中只能做定语。
如：There are trees and flowers on each side of the street.
Every student has read a poem.
3. both 和 all： 前者意为“两者都”，后者为“三者或三者以上都/全体”，在句中可做主语、宾语、定语和同位语。
如：Both plans are good.
All men are equal.
4. much 和 many： “许多”，前者修饰不可数名词，后者修饰可数名词，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
如：I have much to say.
Many people wanted to stay here.
5. either 和 neither： 前者意为“两个人或物中的任何一个”，后者意为“两个人或物中一个也不，两者都不”，在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
如：Either of them has a pen.
Neither answer is right.
6. no 和 none： 前者意为“不/无”，只能作定语；后者意为“没有人/任何人也不”，相当于名词，可做主语或宾语，常与of 连用。
如：There is no water in the bottle.
None of the books are/is interesting.
7. few 和 little： 意为“很少/几乎没有”，前者修饰可数名词；后者修饰不可数名词。
如：In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again.
There is very little time left.
8. another（形容词）, other（形容词），others（名词）, the other（形容词），the others（名词）： another意为“另一，再(加)一个”；other（others）泛指“别人或别的事物”。固定搭配some...... ，others……(一些……，另一些……)；the other（ the others）特指两者中的另一个，常有one... ，the other…(一个……，另一个……)的搭配。
9. someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, somebody, everyone, everybody, everything： 复合不定代词起名词作用，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
（六）疑问代词
表示“谁(who)，谁 (whom)，谁的(whose)，什么(what)， 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。 疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用作主语，宾语，表语，定语。
如：Whose exercise-book is this?
　 What is this?
　 Which one do you like, this one or that one?
（七）相互代词
表示相互关系的代词，意为“互相，彼此”。一般在句中做宾语，其所有格形式可作定语。
each other one another
如：We are all Chinese. We should help each other/one another.
The students pointed out each other’s weak points.
（八）关系代词
引导定语从句的连词，在句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语，称为关系代词。包括 who, whose, whom, that, which. 在从句中，它们还代表着主句被修饰的名词或代词。
如：This is the students whose name is Wang Hua.
（九）连接代词
引导名词性从句的连词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，称为连接代词，包括who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever。
如：It is clear enough what she meant.
I don’t care what they think.
一、it作人称代词

二、it作形式主语或形式宾语

1. 用it作形式主语的主语从句结构
(1) It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句
It is necessary/important/surprising/strange
＋that从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”形式，且should可省略。
(2) It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句
It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that从句。
e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success.

(3) It＋不及物动词＋that从句
It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/appears＋that从句。
e.g. It happened that he was out when I called on him.
(4) It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句
It is said/reported/announced/believed/thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/
found out/suggested/ordered/advised/requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句。
e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.

【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句”结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。
e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.

(5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter.../It makes no difference...等。
e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as long as you look neat and tidy.
It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.
2. it作形式宾语的情况
(1)动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe
等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾
语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。
e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six
every day.
We all think it important that we should
protect the environment from being
polluted.

(2) 有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从
句间加it。这些动词有：hate, appreciate,
take, owe, have等。
e.g. I take it that you will agree with us.
(3) “动词＋介词＋it＋that”结构。常见的有
see to, depend on, rely on等。
e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on
time.
三、it可用在强调句型It is/was...that...中。
e.g. It was in the street that I met him
yesterday.
e.g. It is I who am setting off for London
next week.
It was at six o’clock that we arrived at
the mountain village.
It was at the hotel room that the
gentleman had stayed.
四、it的特殊用法
1. 指代时间、距离、自然现象(天气)等。
e.g. It is half past two now. (指时间)
It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital.
(指距离)
A lovely day, isn’t it? (指天气)
2. 指环境情况等。
e.g. It is very noisy at the moment.　
3. 用于某些习语搭配。
make it　及时赶到；成功完成
catch it　受处罚，被责骂

1. It was only after she had begun to carry out the task ________ Mary realized it was extremely difficult to complete. 
2. ___ is our belief that we can make a good life if we work hard.
3. ___ is suggested that parents should pay more attention to their children’s inner world.
4. As a matter of fact, _____ is not failure itself, but what we think of failure and
what we do afterwards that counts.
5. —Do you still drive your Ford car?
—No, I sold ____ two years ago.
6. You must keep ____ in mind that you can never be too careful when proofreading the newspaper.
7. Will ____ be convenient for you to start work tomorrow?
8. ______ is no doubt that the visiting team, which has better players, will win the match.
9. —I don’t think I can work out the maths problem. It’s too difficult.
—Think it over, and perhaps you will make ________.
II. 用there或it的正确形式填空。
1. During my stay there I made ____ a rule not to eat fatty foods.
2. I’d appreciate ____ if you could help me find out the reason why the computer doesn’t work. 
3. I kept telling Mary not to stay up too late any more, but ____ didn’t help.
4. _____ is an urgent need for qualified teachers.
5. I like ____ when I am with people like Mr. Ma, who is always willing to help others.
6. —Who is making loud noises outside the window?
—______ is Tom, my neighbour’s son.
7. ________ was no point in staying any longer.
8. I’m as good a cook as she is except when _____ comes to making pizza.
9. I have no idea who ____ was that taught me the trick, which helped me to solve the problem.
10. ________ is a hard job for such a little boy to carry the heavy box upstairs. Let’s give him a hand.

三、 实战
（一）句子翻译
1. 她随时都在准备帮助我们。
2. 我们的老师对我们很严格。
3. 我热爱我的国家。
4. 昨天我在街上碰见了我的一位朋友。
5. 孩子自己画的这张画。
6. 我应该说我知道这件事情。
7. 我起床迟了,这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。
8. 我们该干什么仍然还不知道。
9. 这个男人昨天帮了我。
10. 花园里有许多花,一些是白色的,我特别喜欢。
11. 许多学生非常喜欢英语。
12. 学生们互借笔记。
（二）单句填空
1. Our neighbours gave us a baby bird yesterday that hurt _______ when it fell from its nest. (湖南)
2. To save class time, our teacher has _____ students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. (湖南)
3. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately ______ couldn’t spare me even one minute. (重庆)
4. The boy promised______ mother never to lie to ______again. (全国)
5. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or _______. (天津)
6. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which ___________ of the parents spoke the language. (北京)
7. Some people like to stay at home on Sunday but ________ like to go to the cinema.
8. If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay _______ $15.
9. My father bought me a pen and I like ____ very much.
10. Few pleasures can equal_____ of a cool drink on a hot day.
（三）篇章填空
Yesterday evening, when I went to town with__1__ mother, we met a strange old man. It was raining hard and we had no umbrella. __2__ were trying to get into a taxi when __3__ came up to us.
He was carrying a nice umbrella and he said that he would give it to __4__for only a pound. He had forgotten __5__ wallet, and he, needed taxi-fare to go back home. My mother didn’t believe what he had said at first, and asked him a lot of questions such as “Is this umbrella __6__?”
But the old man didn’t get into a taxi. We followed __7__ and found he went into a pub and bought __8__ a glass of whiskey with the pound. After he drank
__9__, he put on his hat and took up one of the many wet umbrellas there and went off with the new__10__. Soon after that, he sold it again.

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