英语-词汇优势市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,1/70,Or,：静态,VS,动态,三、遣词造句：,名词优势,VS,动词优势,2/70,在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。,故翻译中经常要用到改变词性这一技巧。,英语,多,名词,/,介词，汉语多动词,3/70,英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态；,汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态。,汉语,则倾向于多用动词，其,动态,倾向主要表现在以下几方面：,一、动词连用是汉语常见现象,二、动词,(,词组,),能够充当汉语句子各种成份,三、汉语动词经常重复或重合,4/70,一、动词连用是汉语常见现象,汉语连动式和兼语式句子都包含着两个或两个以上动词。连动式、兼语式、把字式和被字式这四个句式还经常相互包孕套用，组成各式各样多动词谓语句。如以下句子，都是汉语惯用句式：,他想方法摆脱了困境。他想方法,+,他摆脱了困境，,连动式,),He thought his way out of the dilemma,我们请她唱歌。,(=,我们请她,+,她唱歌，,兼语式,),We asked her to sing,5/70,你去教室把他叫回来。,(=,你去教室,+,你把他叫回来，连动式与把字式套叠,),Go to the classroom and call him back,我把她请来打字。,(=,我把她请来,+,她打字，把字式与兼语式套叠,),I invited her here to do some typing,6/70,我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。,(=,我被老师叫,+,我到办公室去,+,我作检讨，被字式与连动式套叠,),I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism,我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。,(=,我去叫他们,+,他们派一个会计,+,一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账，兼语式与连动式套叠,),Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts,7/70,二、动词,(,词组,),能够充当汉语句子各种成份。,汉语动词及动词词组，包含连动式词组、兼语式词组，无需改变形式就能够充当句子各种成份。如此一来，汉语句子就显得处处都有动词了：,实现理想境界,要靠,辛勤劳动,。,(,动词词组作主语、宾语,),To translate ideals into reality needs hard work,处理问题,最好方法是,进行调查研究,(,动词词组作定语、表语,),The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations,8/70,他,不停地往返走着,，激动得,说不出话来,。,(,动词词组作状语、补语,),He kept on walking back and forth,，,being too excited to say a single word,革命不是,请客吃饭,。,(,兼语式词组作表语,),Revolution is not a dinner party,他们,喜欢乘火车旅行,。,(,连动式词组作宾语,),They enjoy traveling by train,9/70,汉语动词能够充当助动词,，置于主要动词前后，形成动词连用。,前置助动词,(,即能愿动词,),主要有：要、会、能、肯、想、敢、愿意、能够、可能、应该等；,后置助动词,(,即趋向动词,),主要有：来、去、起来、下去、出来、过去等。,“,来,”,或,去,”,能够前置，也能够后置，还能够前后各用一个：,他来,(,去,),借书。,/,他借书来（去）了。,/,他来（去）借书来（去）了。,Hes come(gone)to borrow books.,10/70,“,来,”,或,“,去,”,能够与主要动词隔开，也能够用来连接两个动词,(,词组,),：,我拿了一本词典来。,(=,我拿来了一本词典,),Ive brought a dictionary,你们要想一个方法来,(,去,),帮助我,(,他,),You should think a way out to help me(him),11/70,汉语动词还能够充当介词。,严格说来，汉语介词大多是由动词演变来，因而依然保留着动词一些特征，如：,用,词典,动词。,to use a dictionary),用,英语写,(,介词，,to write in English),他,在,教室。,(,动词，,He is in the classroom),他,在,教室学习。,(,介词，,He is studying in the classroom),12/70,人们,来来,往往,。,(,动词，,People are coming and going),他,往,东走去。,(,介词，,He went in an eastward direction),葵花朵朵,向,太阳。,(,动词，,sunflowers turn towards the sun),向,自然开战。,(,介词，,to wage a battle against nature),其它例子如：,朝,南开、,替,她说、,比,他好、,照,例办，,乘,车走、,给,他讲、,把,头一扭、,拿,他开玩笑、,从,全局出发、,离,春节只有十天，等等。,汉语没有形态改变，动词与介词经常难以区分，因而也经常相互替用。,汉语动词能够用来代替介词，这就大大加强了汉语动态倾向。,13/70,三、汉语动词经常重复或重合。,（下节详讲）,汉语动词重复或重合，以及与此相关句式排比或对偶,，能够显著地加强汉语动态感表现力。,英语动词普通不能重合，也较少重复，甚至经常在需要重复地方省略。相比之下，汉语动词出现频率就更高了：,来,来，,去,去。,!,Some come here and others go away,说是,说是，,说非,说非，莫衷一是。,Some say“yes”,and others“no”;I dont know whom to follow.,14/70,说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳,，孩子们过得十分愉快。,Talking and laughing,，,running and jumping,，,the children had a good time,要,吃,有吃，要,穿,有穿。,You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on,说是说了没有结果，做是做了，没有成功。,I have made proposals,，,but in vain,；,I have made attempts,but without Success,15/70,念,死书,念,出来学问是没有多大用处。,Learning by rote will be unprofitable,学问，学问,，要学要问,;,边学边问，才有学问。,Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation,16/70,我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。,I waited with growing impatience to get on my way,，,not for one minute but for quite a considerable time,我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程。谈到天气，谈到彼此情况,谈到一切，只是不谈我们男女主人。,We talked of ourselves,，,of our prospects,，,of the journey,，,of the weather,。,of each otherof everything but our host and hostess,17/70,叠字构词是汉人所喜闻乐见表示方法。汉语动词经常以各种格式加以重复或重合，组成丰富多彩、生动活泼动词结构，,汉语动词重复、重合、合成和合并无疑会使汉语动态意味更浓。,18/70,英语则不一样，有动态弱化（静态）倾向，,主要表现在以下几方面：,一、名词化,很普遍,二、用名词表示施事者，以代替动词,三、用名词代替形容词，组成标题式短语,四、名词优势造成介词优势,五、动词弱化与虚化,六、用形容词或副词表示动词意义,19/70,一、名词化是英语常见现象,名词化主要指用名词来表示原来属于动词,(,或形容词,),所表示概念，如用抽象名词来表示动作、行为、改变、状态、品质、情感等概念。,这就是,英语,“,名词优势于动词,”,倾向,，,这种名词优势往往能够使表示比较简练，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表示较为复杂思想内容。,比较,以下句子,：,20/70,The doctor,arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully;the result was that he recovered very speedily,The doctor s extremely quick,arrival,and uncommonly careful,examination,of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery,医生快速抵达，并非常仔细地检验了病人，所以病人很快就康复了。,21/70,The abuse,of basic human rights in their own country in,violation,of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the,condemnation,of freedom-loving people everywhere,Freedom-loving,people,everywhere,condemned,them because they,violated,the agreement reached at Helsinki and,abused,basic human rights in their own country,他们违反在赫尔辛基达成协议，在国内侵犯基本人权,，,所以受到了各地热爱自由人们训斥。,22/70,利用名词化表示法能够使叙述较为准确,，,贴切，但也会使语言抽象、难解,。,（,英美不少语言学者都指出英语有过分使用名词习惯,。）,名词使用多了，与之相随介词,(,尤其是,of,短语,),也必定增多，,与此同时，,富有活力和生气动词也就对应降低,，弱化动词,be,各种形式成了,hard workers,和,heavy-duty words,，,这就使英语静态倾向愈加显著。,23/70,如,：,The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing,is,the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought,这一句子充满了名词、动名词和介词，其唯一谓语动词是,“is”,这个软弱动词必须拉动一个满载名词主语，还必须推进两个满载名词表语，这就使整个句子缺乏动态感。若将部分名词改为动词，即可分担句子负荷，化静态为动态：,One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs and as a result prevents the thought from moving along,写作时过分使用名词，势必给动词增加太多负担，因而妨碍思绪通畅。,24/70,过分使用名词会使文句冗长、含糊，缺乏活力，许多英语文体学家都反对滥用名词化表示法，主张经过多用生动活泼动词来简化句子结构。试比较：,Integrated into the circulation of national life much more completely than any other modern literature,，,American belleslettres also give a much more faithful and adequate picture of the entire civilization to which they belong than literature abroad,whose very compliance with,一,or willful opposition to,一,traditions that have long lost their anchorage in the depths of their respective national civilizations,renders them unable to keep abreast of the rejuvenated spirit of their epoch,25/70,这一句子使用了多个抽象名词，因而显得冗长、死板，若用动词代替这些名词，即可使句子轻松、活泼：,American belleslettres circulate in the national life much more than other modern literatures do;they picture the entire civilization to which they belong more faithfully and adequately,The spirit of the times has become young again,，,and literatures abroad cannot keep abreast with it because of certain traditions they comply with or willfully oppose,These traditions were once anchored in the depths of their national civilizations,but have 1ost that anchor age long ago,26/70,二、用名词表示施事者以代替动词,英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作,(,如,realizerealization,，,completecompletion),等概念外，还惯用,含有行为和动作,意义普通名词代替动词。,大量由动词派生,(,如以,-er,或,-or,结尾,),名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词意义。这类名词经常与前置形容词组成静态结构：,a hard,worker,someone who works hard,工作勤奋人,a slow,walker,someone who walks slowly,走路很慢人,a good,thief,someone who thieves well,惯偷,a bad,sailor,someone who often gets seasick,会晕船人,27/70,汉语由动词加后缀组成名词,(,如读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工,),用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词：,He is a good,eater,and a good,sleeper,他能吃能睡。,You must be a very bad,learner,，,or else you must be going to a very bad,teacher,.,你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你人很不会教。,28/70,Every country is the best,judge,of what is required to safeguard its national security,每个国家需要什么来保卫国家安全，只有它自己才能作出最好,判断,。,He was a clever man,；,a pleasant,companion,;a careless,student,；,with a great,propensity,for running into debt,，,and a,partiality,for the tavern,他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不愿用功,;,他老是东挪西借,又喜欢上酒店喝酒。,29/70,这类名词有时并不指人，而是用来代替动词，如：,The real,shocker,was that things dragged on well beyond the two weeks I had anticipated,最令人吃惊是,，事情拖了很久，大大超出我原来构想两周。,Litmus paper can be used as an,indicator,of the presence or not of acid in a solution,石蕊试纸可用于,指示,溶液中是否含有酸。,30/70,三、用名词代替形容词，组成标题式短语,报刊标题为了节约版面，尽可能略去虚词和其它次要词，把,主要,词语挤压在一起，因而名词连用便成了一个,常见现象，,如：,Sino-American,Trade Review Talks,Start,中美贸易回顾会谈开始,January Crude,Oil Output,Beats Target,一月份原油产量超出指标,5oo-Metre-Long,Flood,Prevention Dyke,Built,五百米长防洪坝建成,31/70,这种名词连用短语结构简化，表示方便，词数少而信息量大，其使用范围已大大超出了报刊标题，,是当代英语趋势，,几乎俯拾即是。如：,gold reserve,黄金贮备,generation gap,两代人之间隔膜,figure control problem,保持优美身材问题,job opportunity discrimination,(,因种族或性别而异,),就业机会歧视,32/70,名词连用或用名词代替形容词在当代英语里是一个盛行文风。,比如：,Major,vehicle expansion projects,must depend on,steel availability,.,(=Major,projects for expanding the production of vehicles,must depend on,how much steel is available,),33/70,Where retirement dissatisfaction existed advance activity programming had been insignificant,(=The people who were unhappy after retirement were those who had taken little trouble to plan their activities beforehand,),This compulsion is much regretted,，,but a large vehicle fleet operator restriction in mileage has now been made imperative in meeting the demand for petrol economy,(=We much regret having to do this,，,but we have been obliged to restrict greatly the operation of our large fleet of vehicles or to restrict the operation of our fleet of large vehicles?to meet the demand for economy in petro1,),34/70,名词连用或复合名词在科技英语里尤其常见,：,space shuttle flight test program,航天飞机试飞计划,computer programming teaching device manual,计算机程序编制教学方法手册,satellite communications ground station equipment repairer,卫星通信地面站设备修理人员,35/70,名词连用加强了英语名词优势，也反应了当代英,语追求简练,总趋势，但不少语言学者反对过分堆彻名词，认为这会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成语意含混，甚至产生歧义。,比如：,British history teachers,teachers of British history,教英国历史教师,British teachers of history,教历史英国教师,A small car factory,a factory of small cars,制造小汽车工厂,a small factory of cars,制造轿车小工厂,36/70,an old mans bicycle,an old+(mans bicycle),一辆旧男式自行车,(an old man)+bicycle),一个老人自行车,Excessive headline phrase condemnation is,of course,a possibility,(=It is possible,of course,to go too far in condemning headline phrases,),当然，过分指责使用标题式短语是可能。,(=It is possible,，,of course,，,to condemn the overuse of headline phrases,),当然，指责过分使用标题式短语是可能。,37/70,四、名词优势造成介词优势。,介词前置于名词或名词性词语，因为英语多用名词，必定也要多用介词，因而产生了介词优势。,伴随英语大量废弃名词和形容词形态改变，介词便取而代之，起了一些形态改变作用。介词优势与名词优势结合，使英语静态倾向更为显著。,英语介词十分常见，有学者把英语称为,“,介词语言,”,，比如以下一句，可谓介词充满：,38/70,Adequate clearance,between,the rear face,of,the last stack,in,the load and,inside,surface,of,the rear doors was provided to enable the refrigerated air flowing,from,the front,to,the rear,of,the trailer to enter the longitudinal air channels,through,the load which opened,on,the rear,of,the load,at,this point,39/70,英语经常用介词短语取代动词短语，即以“静”代“动”，如：,He is at his books(=He is reading books),他在读书。,He has someone behind him(=Someone supports him),有人给他撑腰。,The machine is in operation(=The machine is working),机器正在运行。,Is this train for Chicago?(=Is this train going to Chicago?),这趟火车是开往芝加哥吗?,40/70,介词与名词结合，组成介词短语。,成串介词短语又经常与弱化动词,(,如,be,，,seem,，,look,，,become,等,),和,“,沉闷名词,”,连用：,41/70,In view of the fact,that Mr.Jones is not very well,I,am taking the opportunity of,replying,on his behalf,.,Our companys welldefined position is that it stands ready,at all times,to cooperate with your firm whenever it is called upon to do so.,The majority of,stockholders are,in complete sympathy,with,your companys goals and objectives,in regard to,the construction of a new plant.It may be,within your recollection,that prior to 1963,，,this company tendered your company a loan consisting of a large amount of money,in order to,put it in a solvent and strong financial position,The occasion was the time of your companys most ambitious retooling operation,，,when it was hardly,in a position to,utilize existing resources,Despite the fact,that the company had many obstacles to overcome,，,it did not wait until such time as the situation would improve,The loan was repaid in short order,It is because of this fact that our company continually displays the utmost confidence,in the operations of,your company,42/70,这封兜着圈子说话回信，假如多用动词，少用介词短语，则可化,“,静,”,为,“,动,”,：,I am replying for Mr,Jones,，,who is ill.,Our company is always ready to cooperate,Most of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant,You will recall that before 1963,，,we loaned you large sums of money to put you in a strong financial position,It was during the ambitious retooling operation,when you couldnt use existing funds,Although you had many difficulties,，,you didnt wait until the situation improved,You repaid the loan,Our company has faith in your operations,43/70,“,名词,+,介词,”,优势常见于英语里大量弱式短语,。这类短语往往减弱或淡化原来所要表示动词形容词和其它词语意义，使叙述波折迂回，因而增强了静态感，比如：,give rise to=arouse,make contact with=meet,arrive at a decision=decide,bring to a conclusion=finish,undertake a study of=study,take into consideration=consider,afford an opportunity to=allow,44/70,carry out experiments=experiment,conduct an investigation into=investigate,of a kindly nature=kind,of an unusual character=unusual,beyond the shadow of a doubt=certain,due to the fact that=because,on two separate occasions=twice,in view of the foregoing circumstances=therefore),45/70,英语文体学家认为滥用这种弱化表示法,是,一个不良文风。这类短语往往使表示显得罗嗦、累赘、缺乏生气，因而不宜提倡。,许多学者主张多用平易、活泼、详细和直接了当词，以降低英语静态倾向。,46/70,五、动词弱化与虚化,英语里最惯用动词正是动作意味最弱动词,to be,，其各种形式,(,包含,must be,，,may be,，,should have been,等,),都缺乏动态感。由,“it”,或,“there”,与,be,组成句式，其静态意味愈加显著，试比较：,There was,a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida,佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。,A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida,一场热带风暴攻击了佛罗里达东海岸。,47/70,It was the finding of the committee that,there had been,bribes paid by company managers to foreign officials.,The committee,found,that company managers had bribed foreign officials,委员会发觉企业经理向外国官员行贿。,除了,be,之外，,have,，,become,，,grow,，,feel,，,go,，,come,，,get,，,do,等也是英语惯用弱式动词。,48/70,英语还经常把动词转化或派生成名词,，置于虚化动词,(如,have,，,make,，,take,，,do,等,),之后作其宾语，如,have a 1ook,，,take a walk,，,make attempts,，,pay visits,，,do some damages,，,put up a proposal,等。这类动词短语往往显得虚弱而平淡无味。试比较：,After he,had a quarrel,with his boss,Jack quit,After he,quarreled,with his boss,Jack quit,杰克与老板争吵之后便辞职了。,A,distinction,must,be made,between“ec