英语重点语法讲习市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,英语重点语法讲习,专升本专题,1/102,虚拟语气,1,）概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人主观愿望或假想，所说是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。,2,）在条件句中应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示是假设或实际可能性不大情况，故采取虚拟语气。,2/102,真实条件句,真实条件句用于陈说语气，假设情况可能发生，其中,if,是假如意思。时态关系句型：条件从句 主句 普通现在时,shall/will+,动词原形,If he comes,he will bring his violin.,经典例题,The volleyball match will be put off if it _.,A.,will rain,B.rains,C.rained,D.is rained,答案,B,。真实条件句主句为未来时，从句用普通现在时,。,3/102,注意：,1,）在真实条件句中，主句不能用,be going to,表示未来，该用,shall,will.,(,错,)If you leave now,you are never going to regret it.,(,对,)If you leave now,you will never regret it.,2,）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用,shall(will)+,动词原形，而直接用普通现在时动词形式。,4/102,非真实条件句,1,）时态：能够表示过去，现在和未来情况。它基本特点是时态退后。,a.,同现在事实相反假设。句型：条件从句主句 普通过去时,should(would)+,动词原形,If they were here,they would help you.,b.,表示于过去事实相反假设。句型：条件从句 主句过去完成时,should(would)have+,过去分词,5/102,If she had worked harder,she would have succeeded.,The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.,If my lawyer had been here last Saturday,he would have prevented me from going.,6/102,c.,表示对未来假想句型：条件从句 主句 普通过去时,should+,动词原形,were+,不定式,would+,动词原形,should+,动词原形,If you succeeded,everything would be all right.,If you should succeed,everything would be all right.,If you were to succeed,everything would be all right.,7/102,混合条件句,主句与从句动作发生在不一样时间，这时主，从句谓语动词虚拟语气形式因时间不一样而不一样，这叫做混合条件句。,If you had asked him yesterday,you would know what to do now.,（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）,If it had rained last night(,过去,),it would be very cold today(,现在,).,8/102,虚拟条件句倒装,虚拟条件句从句部分假如含有,were,should,或,had,可将,if,省略，再把,were,should,或,had,移到从句句首，实施倒装。,9/102,Were they here now,they could help us.,=If they were here now,they could help us.,Had you come earlier,you would have met him,=If you had come earlier,you would have met him.,Should it rain,the crops would be saved.,=Were it to rain,the crops would be saved.,10/102,注意：在虚拟语气从句中，动词,be,过去时态一律用,were,，不用,was,，即在从句中,be,用,were,代替。,If I were you,I would go to look for him.,假如我是你，就会去找他。,If he were here,everything would be all right.,假如他在这儿，一切都会好。,11/102,经典例题,_ to do the work,I should do it some other day.A.If were I,B.I were,C.Were I,D.Was I,答案,C.,在虚拟条件状语中假如有,were,should,had,这三个词，通常将,if,省略，主语提前,变成,were,should,had+,主语形式。,但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词倒装形式句首不能用动词缩略形式。如我们可说,Were I not to do.,而不能说,Werent I to do.,12/102,特殊虚拟语气词：,should,1,）,It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that,结构中主语从句谓语动词要用,should,加动词原形，,should,可省略。句型：,(1)suggestedIt is,(2)important,that+(should)do,(3)a pity,13/102,(1)suggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted,；,+(should)do,(2)important,necessary,natural,strangea pity,a shame,no wonder,(3)It is suggested that we(should)hold a meeting next week.,14/102,2,）在宾语从句中应用在表示命令、提议、要求等一类动词后面从句中。,order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+(should)do,I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.,He insisted that he(should)be sent there.,15/102,注意：如,suggest,insist,不表示,提议,或,坚持要某人做某事时,，即它们用于其本意,暗示、表明,、,坚持认为,时，宾语从句用陈说语气。,The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.,判断改错,:,（错）,You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.,(,对,),Your pale face suggests that you are ill.,(,错,),I insisted that you(should)be wrong.,(,对,),I insisted that you were wrong.,16/102,3,）在表语从句，同位语从句中应用,在,suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice,等名词后面表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（,should,）,+,动词原形。,My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.,I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.,17/102,wish,使用方法,1用于,wish,后面从句，表示与事实相反情况，或表示未来不太可能实现愿望。其宾语从句动词形式为：,真实情况,wish,后,从句动作先于主句动词动作现在时过去时,（,be,过去式为,were,）,从句动作与主句动作同时发生过去时过去完成时,（,had+,过去分词）,未来不大可能实现愿望未来时,would/could+,动词原形,18/102,I wish I were as tall as you.,我希望和你一样高。,He wished he hadnt said that.,他希望他没讲那样话。,I wish it would rain tomorrow.,我希望明天下雨就好了。,19/102,2,）,Wish to do,表示法。,Wish sb/sth to do,I wish to see the manager.=I want to see the manager.,I wish the manager to be informed at once.(=I want the manager to be informed at once.),20/102,比较,if only,与,only if,only if,表示,“,只有,”,；,if only,则表示,“,假如,就好了,”,。,If only,也可用于陈说语气。,I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.,只有闹钟响了我才会醒。,If only the alarm clock had rung.,当初闹钟响了就好了。,If only he comes early.,希望他早点回来。,21/102,It is(high)time that,It is(high)time that,后面从句谓语动词要用过去式或用,should,加动词原形，但,should,不可省略。,It is time that the children went to bed.,It is high time that the children should go to bed.,22/102,need,无须做,和,本不该做,didnt need to do,表示：过去无须做某事,实际上也没做。,neednt have done,表示：过去无须做某事,但实际上做了。,John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she didnt need to walk back home.,约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她无须步行回家了。,John went to the station with the car to meet Mary,so she neednt have walked back home.,约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本无须步行回家了。,(Mary,步行回家，没有遇上,John,车。,),23/102,经典例题,There was plenty of time.She _.A.mustnt have hurried,B.couldnt have hurried,C.must not hurry,D.neednt have hurried,答案,D,。,neednt have done.,意为,本无须,，即已经做了某事，而时实际上无须要。,Mustnt have done,使用方法不正确，对过去发生事情进行否定性推断应为,couldnt have done,不可能已经,。,must not do,不能够（用于普通现在时）。,24/102,主谓一致,主谓一致是指：,1,）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。,2,）意义上要一致，即主语意义上单复数要与谓语单复数形式一致。,3,）就近标准，即谓语动词单复形式取决于最靠近它词语,25/102,并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,Reading and writing are very important.,注意：当主语由,and,连结时，假如它表示一个单一概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，,and,此时连接两个词前只有一个冠词。,The iron and steel industry is very important to our life26/102,普通来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。,There is much water in the thermos.,但当不可数名词前有表示数量复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。,Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.,27/102,经典例题,The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is,B.was,C.are,D.were,答案,B.,注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生事情应用过去时，先排除,A.C.,。本题易误选,D,，因为,The League secretary and monitor,好象是两个人，但仔细区分，,monitor,前没有,the,，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面职务用,and,相连。这么本题主语为一个人，所以应选,B,。,28/102,主谓一致中靠近标准,1,）当,there be,句型主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近主语保持一致。,There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.,There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.,29/102,2,）当,either or,与,neither nor,，,连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近主语保持一致。假如句子是由,here,there,引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近主语一致。,Either you or she is to go.,Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.,30/102,谓语动词与前面主语一致,当主语后面跟有,with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as,等词引发短语时，谓语动词与前面主语一致。,The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.,He as well as I wants to go boating.,31/102,谓语需用单数,1,）代词,each,和由,every,some,no,any,等组成复合代词作主语，或主语中含有,each,every,谓语需用单数。,Each of us has a tape-recorder.,There is something wrong with my watch.,2,）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词惯用单数。,The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.,是英语兴趣者熟悉一本好书。,32/102,3,）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语普通用单数。,(,用复数也可，意思不变。,),Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.,Ten yuan is enough.,33/102,指代意义决定谓语单复数,1,）在代词,what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all,等词单复数由其指代词单复数决定。,All is right.,(,一切顺利。,),All are present.,(,全部些人都到齐了。,),34/102,2,）集体名词作主语时，谓语数要依据主语意思来决定。如,family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee,等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中各个组员，用单数时表示该个集体。,His family isnt very large.,他家不是一个大家庭。,His family are music lovers.,他家人都是音乐兴趣者。,但集合名词,people,police,cattlepoultry,等在任何情况下都用复数形式。,Are there any police around?,35/102,3,）有些名词，如,variety,number,population,proportion,majority,等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。,A number of+,名词复数,+,复数动词。,The number of+,名词复数,+,单数动词。,A number of books have lent out.,The majority of the students like English.,36/102,与后接名词或代词保持一致,1,）用,half of,part of,most of,a portion of,等词引发主语时，动词通常与,of,后面名词，代词保持一致。,Most of his money is spent on books.,Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.,37/102,2,）在一些短语，如,many a,或,more than one,所修饰词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由,more than of,作主语时，动词应与其后名词或代词保持一致。,Many a person has read the novel.,许多人都读过这本书。,More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.,百分之六十多学生都来自这个城市。,38/102,倒装,39/102,倒装句之全部倒装,全部倒装是只将句子中谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与普通现在时和普通过去时。常见结构有：,1)here,there,now,then,thus,等副词置于句首,谓语动词惯用,be,come,go,lie,run,。,There goes the bell.,Then came the chairman.,Here is your letter.,40/102,2),表示运动方向副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动动词。,Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.,Ahead sat an old woman.,注意：上述全部倒装句型结构主语必须是名词，假如主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。,Here he comes.,Away they went.,41/102,倒装句之部分倒装,部分倒装是指将谓语一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。假如句中谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词,do,does,或,did,，并将其置于主语之前。,42/102,1),句首为否定或半否定词语，如,no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until,等。,Never have I seen such a performance.,Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.,Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.,当,Not until,引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。,43/102,注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。,I have never seen such a performance.,The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.,44/102,经典例题,1),Why cant I smoke here?,At no time_ in the meeting-roomA.is smoking permitted,B.,smoking is permittedC.smoking is it permitted,D.,does smoking permit,答案,A.,这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中主谓须用倒装结构。,这些否定词包含,no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until,等。本题正常语序是,Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.,45/102,2,）,Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A.man did know,B.man know,C.didnt man know,D.did man know,答案,D.,看到,Not until,句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在,C,，,D,中选一个。改写为正常语序为，,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.,现在将,not,提前，后面就不能再用否定了,不然意思就变了。,46/102,以否定词开头作部分倒装,如,Not onlybut also,Hardly/Scarcelywhen,No sooner than,Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.,Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.,No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.,47/102,经典例题,No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game began,B.has the game begunC.did the game begin,D.,had the game begun,答案,D.,以含有否定意义副词放在句首时，普通采取倒装句,(,谓语前置,),。,这类表示否定意义词有,never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及,not onlybut(also),no soonerthan,hardly when scarcely when,等等。,48/102,注意：只有当,Not only but also,连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。假如置于句首,Not only but also,仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。,Not only you but also I am fond of music.,49/102,so,neither,nor,作部分倒装,表示,也,、,也不,句子要部分倒装。,Tom can speak French.So can Jack.,If you wont go,neither will I.,50/102,经典例题,-Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?,-I dont know,_.,A.nor dont I care,B.nor do I care,C.I dont care neither,D.I dont care also,答案：,B.,nor,为增补意思,也不关心,，所以句子应倒装。,A,错在用,dont,再次否定，,C neither,使用方法不对且缺乏连词。,D,缺乏连词。,51/102,注意：当,so,引出句子用以对上文内容加以证实或必定时，不可用倒装结构。意为,确实如此,。,Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.,-Its raining hard.,-So it is.,52/102,only,在句首要倒装情况,Only in this way,can you learn English well.,Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.,假如句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装,Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.,53/102,as,though,引导倒装句,as/though,引导让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。,注意：,1),句首名词不能带任何冠词。,2),句首是实义动词,其它助动词放在主语后。假如实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。,Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.,54/102,注意,:,让步状语从句中，有,though,，,although,时，后面主句不能有,but,，不过,though,和,yet,可连用,。,55/102,其它部分倒装,1),so that,句型中,so,位于句首时，需倒装。,So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.,2),在一些表示祝福句型中：,May you all be happy.,3),在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有,were,had,should,等词，可将,if,省略，把,were,had,should,移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。,Were I you,I would try it again.,56/102,经典例题：,1,）,Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is,A.man did know,B.man knew,C.didnt man know,D.did man know,答案为,D.,否定词,Not,在句首，要求用部分倒装句子结构。,2,）,Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.,A.didnt I realize,B.did I realize,C.I didnt realize,D.I realize,答案为,B,。,57/102,3),Do you know Tom bought a new car?,I dont know,_.,A.nor dont I care,B.nor do I care,C.I dont care neither,D.I dont care also,解析：答案为,B.,句中,nor,引出部分倒装结构，表示,也不,。由,so,neither,nor,引导倒装句，表示前一情况重复出现。其中,so,用于必定句,而,neither,nor,用在否定句中。,58/102,代词,59/102,every,no,all,both,neither,nor,1,）不定代词有,all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no,以及,some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.,等。,60/102,2,）不定代词功效与使用方法,a.,除,every,和,no,外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。,every,和,no,在句中只能作定语。,I have no idea about it.,61/102,b.,all,都，指三者以上。,all,主谓一致：,all,单复数由它所修饰或指代名词单复数决定。,All goes well.,一切进展得很好。,all,通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说,all the book,，而说,the whole book,。,但,all,可与表时间可数名词单数连用，如,all day,，,all night,，,all the year,；但习惯上不说,all hour,，,all century,。,all,还能够与一些特殊单数名词连用，如,all China,，,all the city,，,all my life,，,all the way,62/102,3),both,都，指二者。,a.,both,与复数动词连用，但,both and,可与单数名词连用。,b.,both,all,都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前，,be,动词之后。假如助动词或情态动词后面实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。,Who can speak Japanese?,We both(all)can.,63/102,4),neither,二者都不,a.,neither,作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,b.,作定语与单数名词连用，但,neither nor,用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采取就近标准。,c.,可用于以下句型，防止重复。,She cant sing,，,neither(can)he.,64/102,neither,与,nor,d.,如前句是否定式从句，则主句用,neither,，而不用,nor,。,If you dont do it,，,neither should I.,假如你不干我也不干。,e.,如后连续有几个否定句式，则用,nor,，不用,neither,。,He cant sing,，,nor dance,，,nor skate.,65/102,none,few,some,any,one,ones,一、,none,无,1)none,作主语，多与,of,组成短语,none of,。在答语中，,none,可单独使用。,Are there any pictures on the wall?,None.,2)none,作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。,It is none of your business.,66/102,二、,few,一些少数,few,作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于必定句。,67/102,(1),在必定疑问句中用,some,代替,any,。,(2)some,用于其它句式中,:,a.,必定疑问句中：说话人认为对方答案会是必定，或期望得到必定回答时。,Would you like,句式中，表委婉请求或提议，如：,Would you like some coffee?,b.,在条件状语从句中表示确定意义时，如：,If you need some help,，,let me know.,68/102,三、,some,一些,1),可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。,2),当做,某一,解时，也可与单数名词连用。（,=a certain,）,You will be sorry for this some day.,总有一天，你会后悔这件事。,A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.,一些人不一样意你看法。,69/102,c.,some,位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before.,d.,当否定是整体中部分时，,some,可用于否定句。如：,I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.,这些年我没有收到一些老朋友信。,70/102,四、,any一些,1),any,多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何意思时，,any,可用于必定句。,Here are three novels.You may read any.,这有三本小说，你可任读一本。,71/102,one,ones,为复数形式,ones,必须和形容词连用。假如替换名词时无形容词在前，则用,some,any,，而不 用,ones,。,Have you bought any rulers?,Yes,，,I ve bought some.,72/102,one/another/the other,one the other,只有两个,some the others,有三个以上,one another,，,another,some others,，,others,others=other people/things,the others=the rest,剩下全部,73/102,1),泛指另一个用,another,。,2),一定范围内两人,(,物,),，一个用,one,，另一个用,the other,。,3),一定范围内三者，一个用,one,，另一个用,one(another),，第三个可用,the other,，,a third,。,4),一定范围内，除去一部分人,/,物，剩下全部用,the others,。,5),泛指别人或物时，用,others,当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩下部分但不是全部时，也用,others,。,74/102,few,little,a few,a little,(a)few+,可数名词,(a)little+,不可数名词,a few/a little,为必定含义，还有一点,few/little,为否定含义，没有多少了。,He has a few friends.,他有几个朋友。,He has few friends.,他几乎没有朋友。,We still have a little time.,我们还有点时间。,There is little time left.,几乎没剩下什么时间了。,75/102,经典例题,:,A