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1、1. absenteeism and insubordination 旷工和反抗 2. achieve a target profit 实现目标利润 3. achieve greater market share 实现更大的市场份额 4. acquire a physical site for the business 5. adaptive pricing 6. advertising heavily 7. after-tax profits 税后利润 8. bank balances available 银行余
2、额可用 9. be entitled to elect the board of directors 有权选取董事会成员 10. be laid off 下岗 11. be subject to taxation 需课税 12. be taxed as personal income 个人所得税 13. benefit segmentation 利润分配 14. build traffic 交通建设 15. business environment 商业环境 16. capital con
3、tributions 出资额 17. capital goods 资本货物 18. claim to all the profits the business makes 享有所有的商业利润 19. competition-oriented pricing 竞争导向定价 20. conglomerate 企业集团 21. consumer goods 消费品 22. convenience goods 日用品 23. corporate taxes
4、 企业税 24. cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法 25. operating costs 生产费用、运营成本、营业成本、主营业务成本 26. CPM cost per thousand （广告术语）每千人成本 27. customary pricing 习惯性定价法 28. customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度 29. dealer brands 经销商品牌 30. demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法 31. demographic
5、segmentation 人口统计区隔 32. determine future human-resource needs 33. discount retailers 折扣零售商 34. distribution channel 分销渠道 35. employee compensation 36. employee orientation program 员工入职培训 37. enter into joint ventures 38. entrepreneurship 企业家 39. exclusive sale of t
6、obacco 40. expense items 费用项目 41. factors of production 生产要素 42. factory outlet stores 厂家直销商店 43. family brands 44. focus groups 45. form of organization 公司的结构 46. fortress culture 山寨文化 47. future growth and profit potential 未来的经济增长和企业利润潜力 48. general p
7、artnerships 一般合伙 49. geographic segmentation 地理区分 50. good distribution system 51. hold title to the property 52. horizontal merger 横向兼并 53. image advertising 54. implementing decisions 55. incorporators 股东 56. industrial goods 工业品 57. inform
8、ational advertising 58. initial public offering 首次公开发行 59. initial screening 60. initial shares of stock 61. institutional advertising 62. intermediate products 中间产品、半成品 63. internal and external labor markets内部和外部劳动力市场 64. inventory 库存 65. job analysis and design 职
9、业分析和规划 66. job description 职位描述 67. job specification 工作规范 68. legal entity 法人 69. limited fringe benefits 70. limited partnerships 有限责任合伙 71. major corporate policies 主要的公司政策 72. mall-intercept interviews 商场问卷调查 73. management expertise 管理经验 74. m
10、anual labor 体力劳动 75. manufacturer brands 76. market segmentation 市场细分 77. marketing mix 营销组合 78. merchant wholesalers 79. noise level 噪声水平 80. nonprofit businesses 非盈利企业 81. odd pricing or psychological pricing 82. official proceedings 官方程序 83. off-pric
11、e retailers 折扣零售商 84. on-the-job or off-the-job training 在职或离职培训 85. organization structure 组织结构 86. organizational concept 组织理念 87. overall operation of the enterprise 企业的整体经营 88. pass-along rate. 89. penetration strategy 渗透策略 90. perceiving nonverbal messages 91.
12、perform unpaid labor at home 92. piecework payment 计件付费 93. potential for management development 管理发展潜力 94. poverty alleviation 扶贫 95. price lining 96. product classification 产品分类 97. product identifier 产品标识符 98. product mix 产品结构，产品搭配组合 99. pro
13、duct positioning 产品定位 100. product-line pricing 101. products distribution 产品分布 102. professional ethics 职业道德 103. profit-oriented businesses 以赢利为目的企业 104. programmed instruction 105. project contractor 工程承包商 106. prompt delivery 实时交货 107. public utilities
14、 公共事业、公共设施 108. raise additional funds 筹集额外资金 109. raise the necessary financial backing 筹措必要的财政支持 110. report income 111. resources allocation 资源分配 112. retail distribution network 零售分销网络 113. right promotional strategy 合理的促销策略 114. segmentation by volume 115. selection inter
15、view 甄选面试、遴选面试 116. services after sale 售后服务 117. setting and meeting deadlines 118. shopping goods 消费品 119. sign the partnership agreement 签署合作协议 120. skimming price strategy 撇脂定价策略 121. sole proprietorship 独资企业 122. source credibility 信息来源可信度 123. specialty goods 特殊商品 124.
16、specialty stores 专卖店 125. stock and securities broker 股票和证劵经纪人 126. subliminal advertising 潜意识广告 127. tangible and intangible attributes and benefits 128. target pricing 目标定价 129. taxable entities 应税实体 130. the acquired and acquiring firms 131. the governing authority of each corpor
17、ation 132. the manufactured aids to production 133. the performance of a contract 134. the self-employed 个体经营者 135. the target market or target consumers 目标市场和目标消费者 136. the ultimate buyer 最终买方 137. timing flexibility 138. top executive positions 高层主管位置 139. undergo massive reorgani
18、zation 进行大规模的重组 140. uniform pricing 统一定价 141. unlimited liability for business debts and contracts 142. value pricing 公允价格 143. vertical merger 纵向合并 144. vestibule training 新员工培训、技工培训 145. voluntary reduction in pay 146. voluntary time off 147. water and gas supplier 水和天然气供应商
19、 148. weed out obviously unqualified candidates 剔除明显不合格的候选人 149. wholesalers and retailers 批发商和零售商 150. work survival skills Given their full liability, sole proprietors may have a hard time raising capital to expend their business, because lenders worry about the possibility that
20、 the personal creditors will bring claims against business assets. To finance their businesses, sole proprietors often borrow on their life insurance, take second mortgages on their houses, withdraw money from personal savings accounts, and lower their standard of living. In an academy culture, e
21、mployees are highly skilled and tend to stay in the organization and work their way up the ranks. This culture stresses long-term career development and provides a stable environment in which employees can develop and exercise their skills. New employees attracted by this culture are typically colle
22、ge graduates. The organization examples are universities, hospitals, large corporations like IBM, etc. Performance appraisals are comparisons of actual performance with expected performance. Companies use them to make decisions about training, compensation, promotion, and other job changes. To do
23、 a performance appraisal, the employee and the manager need to agree on common goals. They do so by performance planning, which involves setting goals for the job, figuring out how to tell whether the goals have been met, determining how the employee will achieve the goals, and setting a time limit
24、for them to be met. A promotion is an upward move in an organization to position with more authority, responsibility, and pay. Promotion decisions are usually based on seniority and merit. A transfer is a sideways move in an organization to a position with about the same salary and level. Employ
25、ees may seek a transfer for personal enrichment, for a more interesting job, for more convenience (better hours, location of work, and so on), or for a job that offers more chances for advancement. A separation occurs when an employee leaves the company. The cause may be resignation, layoff, termina
26、tion, or retirement. Two types of data are used in marketing research: primary and secondary. Primary data are data collected directly from the original source for the purpose of solving a problem under investigation. Secondary data are data previously collected for a project other than the curre
27、nt one, and they can come from a number of sources. Among these sources are government agencies, trade associations, research bureaus, universities, commercial publications, and internal company records. Company records include sales invoices, accounting records, data from previous research studies,
28、 and historical sales data. As a product strategy, trading up means adding a higher-priced prestige product to a line to attract a higher-income market. By trading up, the seller intends that the prestige of the new product will help the sale of its existing lower-priced products. A company is sa
29、id to be trading down when it adds a lower-priced item to its line of prestige products. The firm expects that people who cannot afford the original product will want to buy the new one because it carries some of the status of the higher-priced product. Another product strategy is to thin out the
30、 product mix, either by eliminating an entire line or by simplifying the assortment within a line. The shift from fat and long lines to thin and short lines can weed out low-profit products and get higher profits from fewer products. That is why some travel agencies have discontinued selling a full
31、line of travel services and are concentrating on specialized tours and trips to exotic places. The two basic components that affect product pricing are costs of manufacture and competition in selling. It is unprofitable to sell a product below the manufacturer’s production costs and unfeasible to
32、 sell it at a price higher than that at which comparable merchandise is being offered. Other variables also affect pricing. Company policy may require a minimum profit on new product lines or a specified return on investments, or discounts may be offered on purchases in quantity. Concepts and D
33、efinition (sample) Which of the following is NOT part of the basic inputs? A) natural resources B) labor C) capital D) management skills Which of the following can be defined as capital? A) A car for personal use B) A PC for classroom teaching C) A bank balances available on your ac
34、count D) A building for household accommodation ________ exists in fast-paced, high-risk organizations. This culture seeks out talents of all ages and experiences. The emphasis of the culture is on short-term results rather than long-term commitment. A) Fortress culture B) Academy culture C) Club culture D) Baseball team culture The skills, knowledge, and abilities a person must have to fill a job are spelled out in a __________. A) job description B) job analysis C) job design C) job specification 7
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