综合英语2-Unit-4-water-cycle-(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 4,Water cycle,1,Part I,Book 2-Unit 4,Communicative Activities,2,Introduction of Functions,You may express uncertainty like this:,You may express certainty like this:,Im not quite sure.,Im sure Ill be very much interested in reading your article.,More Expressions for Certainty&Uncertainty,Book 2-Unit 12,3,Im quite sure/certain(that),Im absolutely sure/certain(that),Im fairly sure/certain(that),Im sure/certain about,Ive no doubt about,Yes,Im one hundred percent sure.,Yes,certainly/definitely/of course.,Yes,without doubt.,Yes,really!,Yes,thats obvious.,Book 2-Unit 12,How to express certainty:,4,How to express uncertainty:,Well,its possible I suppose,but Im not really sure.,Well,it might be,but I doubt it.,Well,theres always a chance,but I have my doubts.,Sorry,Im not sure.,I cant make up my mind whether to do,I cant decide,Im not really/too sure about,Im of two minds about,I cant say for certain.,I wouldnt be too sure about,Book 2-Unit 12,5,Extra expressions of the same functions:,-I dont think there can be any doubt about/as to,-There is no/very little doubt in my mind about/as to,-Its/Thats my conviction,-Im(quite)convinced,-Its quite certain that,-,Im afraid I cant be certain about,-Theres some doubt in my mind about,-Im not at all convinced/certain,-One cant say with any certainty that,-Theres still an element of doubt about,Book 2-Unit 12,6,Discussion,The unexpected always happens.,The most unexpected moment in my life,Learn to understand the cultural implications of this proverb and trying to find examples in real life in its support.,Book 2-Unit 12,7,The most unexpected moment in my life,Story Telling,When,Where,Who,What,Why,How,Result,Book 2-Unit 4,8,Interactive listening&speaking,Book 2-Unit 4,Wastewater treatment,Physical,chemical,and biological,processes for,making wastewater,suitable for human,consumption and,other purposes.,wastewater,99.9%,water,0.1%,waste,Why wastewater,treatment?,9,Listen to a lecture given by an expert about wastewater treatment technologies.While you listen,take notes and complete the tasks on page 51.,Wastewater treatment,water molecules,Wastewater treatment plant,10,An engineering marvel,Sewer system,It connects millions of homes,businesses,industries,and institutions to a network of underground pipes which transports wastewater to the wastewater treatment plant before it is released to a river or lake.,11,Three major steps,Wastewater treatment plant,Preliminary step:mechanical processes separate large solids(sand,grit,沙砾,)and debris(,残渣，废物,)from the liquid,Primary step:mechanical and biological processes further separate water from waste materials,Secondary step:chemical processes kill remaining harmful bacteria,12,Natures processes of wastewater treatment and,how it is different from the engineering processes,in the wastewater treatment,Nature uses two steps only:,1.mechanical process:,large solids and debris are separated from wastewater,2.biological process:,bacteria,fungi and algae will eat away the remaining pollutants in the wastewater,Notes:fungi is the plural form of fungus,真菌,algae,海藻,Nature does not use chemical process to kill harmful bacteria,fungi or algae,which consume pollutants in wastewater.,Book 2-Unit 4,13,Byproducts of wastewater treatment and their uses,Sludge:a kind of mud which can be applied to the farmland as fertilizer when it is dried.The expert calls it soil conditioner.,下水道的污泥,Feature of language for describing scientific and,technological knowledge,Simple present tense,High degree of certainty,14,Part II,Reading and Language Activities,Book 2-Unit 4,15,Pre-reading Task,Comprehension Work,Language Work,Outline,Book 2-Unit 4,Return to Menu,16,How much do you know about Singapore?,(history,official languages,population,economy,etc.),2.What else are you interested to know about this little city-state?,Pre-reading Task 1,17,Pre-reading Task 2,Sewage treatment,or domestic wastewater treatment,is the,process of removing _ from wastewater and,household _.It includes physical,chemical,and,biological processes to remove physical,chemical and biological,pollutants.Its objective is to produce an _,fluid waste stream(or treated effluent,废水,)and a solid waste,(or treated _)suitable for disposal or _(usually as,farm fertilizer).Using _ technology it is now possible to,re-use sewage effluent for drinking water,although Singapore is,the only country to _ such technology on a,production scale in its production of,NEWater,.Cloze,advanced sewage reuse implement contaminants environmentally-safe sludge,contaminants,sewage,environmentally-safe,sludge,advanced,reuse,implement,18,NEWater is the brand name given to _ water produced,by Singapores Public Utilities Board.More _,it is,treated wastewater(sewage)that has been _ using,advanced membrane technology(,膜化学技术,)in addition to,_ water treatment processes.The water is potable,(,可饮用的,)and is consumed by humans,but is mostly used for,industry requiring high _ water.The Singapore Water,Reclamation Study(NEWater Study)was initiated in 1998,with,an aim to determine if NEWater was a viable(,可行的,)source,of raw water for Singapores needs and to _ reliance on,water imported from MalaysiaBy 2060,NEWater is projected,to meet 50%of Singapores future water demand.,reduce conventional specifically reclaimed purified purity,reclaimed,purified,conventional,purity,reduce,specifically,Book 2-Unit 4,19,When Singapore became independent,what problems did it face in terms of resources,and how did it address these problems?,Comprehension Questions,Book 2-Unit 4,Singapore is characterized by(a)small size;and(b)lack of natural resources;,Since its independence,Singapore has been struggling with its biggest enemy of lack of natural resources.,They made treaties with Malaysia for fresh water supplies as the two countries are very close.,20,2.How did Singapore gain water independence?,Book 2-Unit 4,Instead of flushing waste into the sea,Singapore,s water utility collects the country,s wastewater,purifies it,and returns it to the public supply.In this way,Singapore has reduced the water cycle to an island-ringing loop.,21,3.What were the reactions of manufacturers and ordinary Singaporeans to the treated water when it was introduced?How did the water utility make them accept the recycled water?,In the beginning,manufacturers were concerned about whether the purity of the treated water reached the industrial requirements or standards.But the confusion was cleared out when the water utility confirmed that the ultra-pure water was even cleaner than most drinking water.,Singaporeans,at first,felt nauseous(,讨厌的,)about the idea of drinking the wastewater.However,most of them finally accepted the recycled water after some national publicity of the water(for instance,“,patriotic Singaporeans drink wastewater,”,).,22,4.How to understand“it can be said that the country has merely substituted one form of dependence for another”(para.9)?,Book 2-Unit 4,Singapore needs a lot of energy for wastewater treatment.The electricity bill will be very large for the country because it depends on the natural gas imported from other countries.,Thus,it can be said that it is one form of dependence(dependence on imported gas from other countries)and substitute another(dependence on the water imported from Malaysia).,23,5.What is the trade-off of the wastewater treatment project?How did Singapore solve this problem?Do you think it is successful?,Book 2-Unit 4,The trade-off is the heavy burden of power supply for wastewater treatment.Singapore must pay a large electricity bill since it is dependent on the natural gas imported from other countries,so to some degree,it did not solve the problem of water shortage.,Singapore charges all its customers the additional cost for purifying extra water.,24,6.Read the scientific report(Task C Cloze)on the situation of water supply in the world.What lessons can we draw from the Singaporean practice?,Book 2-Unit 4,Many lessons can be drawn from the Singaporean experience:better management of water/energy use,technologies to purify water which China needs to improve its rank in the WPI(Water Poverty Index).,25,Difficult Sentences and language points,1.To address the problem,the government negotiated treaties with his neighbor country Malaysia to build a supply pipe at a cost to provide fresh water to this port city.,suffering a loss(in order to have something),Here it means it is not cheap for Singapore to have the fresh water and it may have cost them some loss.,In order to solve the problem,the government imported fresh water from his neighbor country Malaysia under a costly treaty.,Book 2-Unit 4,26,Book 2-Unit 4,Address,vt:to make a formal speech to;,speak to;,to deal with,e.g.He addressed the audience in an eloquent speech.,How shall we address a prince?,Our Chinese teacher addressed me in low tones.,Chinese government has tried many methods to address the issue of income gap.,27,treaty:a written agreement between two states or sovereigns,条约；协议,协商,multilateral/bilateral/unilateral treaty,be in treaty with sb.for,为某事与某人谈判,make treaty,立约,订合同,withdraw from treaty,退出条约,28,at a cost:,以,的价格,at all costs:,Eg:The bridge must be repaired within three days,at all costs,.,要不惜一切代价在三天内把桥修好。,at cost:,按成本价格出售的货物,at the cost of sth.,以牺牲某事物为代价,Eg:,年轻女士牺牲健康来减肥是不可取的。,It is not good for young ladies to keep slim,at the cost of,their health.,29,2.Six years later,the city-state has both gained territorial independence,and managed to bootstrap its way to wealth in spite of a lack of water and energy.,Six years later,Singapore gained territorial independence and became wealthy all by its own efforts despite its shortages of water and energy.,Book 2-Unit 4,become wealthy independently,pull(oneself)up by one,s own bootstraps,=help,oneself with unaided effort,靠自己的努力出人头地,bootstrap(v):help(oneself)without the aid of others,e.g.She spent years bootstrapping herself through college.,30,Book 2-Unit 4,bootstrap:,Noun.,拔靴带,by ones bootstraps,:help oneself all by ones own efforts,or independently,pull(oneself)up by ones own bootstraps,=to help oneself with unaided effort,口,靠自己的努力出人头地,靠自己的努力成功,e.g.,I admire him for pulling himself up by his own bootstraps.,Adj,？,Conservatives would defy our efforts at bootstrap improvements.,保守派会蔑视我们从根本上变革的努力。,31,3.And now,against all odds complete water independencefrom both Malaysia and even the weatheris within easy reach.,although there are great difficulties,Although there are great difficulties,now Singapore is very close to water independence both from Malaysia and the weather.,be close enough to touch,Book 2-Unit 4,What is the function of the dash here?,Note that Singapore relies on four sources of water supply:rain water,collection,freshwater import,NEWater,and seawater desalination.,32,against all odds:although there are great difficulties,e.g.Against all odds,he finished the work.,We applaud this kind of person when they climb mountains,cross deserts,sail oceans and survive against incredible odds.,33,rather than:,1.(,要,),而不,与其,倒不如,我们与其在礼堂里开会,不如在教室开会。,Well have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the auditorium.,2.instead of sb/sth,而不是,他们这样增加了而不是减少了粮食年产量。,They thus increased their annual grain production rather than diminished it.,34,Book 2-Unit 4,utility(n):,countable usually plural:a service such as gas or electricity provided for people to use(,水电煤气等基本设施,):,e.g.Does your rent include utilities?,public utility,:a private company that is allowed by the government to provide important services such as gas,electricity,water etc.,uncountable:the quality of being useful,or the degree to which something is useful(,功用,效用,),e.g.Their research project has limited practical utility.,utilize(v):(formal)to use something for a particular purpose,e.g.We must consider how best to utilize what resources we have.,35,Book 2-Unit 4,pristine prsti:n,adj.fresh and clean;primitive,（新鲜，清洁的；原始的）,e.g.Expedition Finds Remote,Pristine Rainforest.,He wiped his fingers on his pristine handkerchief,.,short-circuit(v.):,a,Youve short circuited the washing machine.,你把洗衣机弄短路了。,b,to get something done without going through the usual long methods,e.g.I short-circuited the whole process by a simple telephone call.,c,to bypass(a procedure,regulation,etc),impede,hinder,or frustrate(plans,etc.):,e.g.Bad weather short-circuited my vacation plans.,36,reduce something to something:to change something into a shorter simpler form,e.g.Many jobs can be reduced to a few simple points.,reduce somebody to doing something,:to make someone do something they would rather not do,especially when it involves behaving or living in a way that is not as good as before:,e.g.Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.,37,relish:verb transitive to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen,近义表达：,take pleasure in,receive/derive pleasure from,get enjoyment from,relish the prospect/thought/idea,e.g.I dont relish the thought of you walking home alone.,He didnt relish the prospect of having to explain his behavior.,他不喜欢对他自己的所作所为作出解释。,38,4.Rejuvenating the waste stream requires electricity to power an intensive cleaning processand that investment makes the recycled water more expensive than what is used by cities blessed with nearby freshwater lakes,rivers,and aquifers.,give new life or energy;make younger or more youthful,Here,“,rejuvenate,”,means,“,recycle,”,or,“,reclaim,”,Electricity is needed to supply power for purifying the wastewater.That investment makes the recycled water more expensive than the water used by cities which benefit from nearby freshwater lakes,rivers,and large reservoirs.,be blessed with:,having good fortune,bestowed or conferred upon,e.g.,Were both blessed with good health.,sentence,structure,?,39,rejuvenate rdu:vnet:,make younger or more youthful,使变得年轻,return to life;get or give new life or energy,使恢复活力,e.g.Irans leaders think a nuclear weapon could rejuvenate their tired revolution.,I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.,40,5.But presented with a set of tough choices,Singapore chose water recyclingand so far it has worked admirably.,Book 2-Unit 4,present somebody with something:,提出,;,呈现,;,赠予,e.g.Falling interest rates present the firm with a new problem.,He was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award this year,by the Academy Award.,The full sentence should be like what?,When Singapore faced several difficult choices,it chose water recycling.Till now,it has worked very well and helped Singapore gain a reputation for it.,41,radical:,a radical change or difference is very big and important,e.g.Radical differences within the group began to appear.,Radical ideas are very new and different,and are against what most people think or believe.,42,pilot:the person who control an airplane;a trial or a prototype serving as a tentative model for future experiment or development,e.g.pilot film;a pilot project,我们正在为这种新产品做试销调查，看它的销路好不好。,We are doing a pilot study to se