电机学英文文献翻译.doc

The three-phase induction motor speed control method
Three-phase asynchronous motor speed formula: N = 60f / p (1-s) Can be seen from the above formula, change the power supply frequency f, motor pole number p and the slip s may be too much to change the speed of purpose. From the speed of the essence of view, is simply a different way to change speed synchronous AC motor does not change the sync transfer speed or two.
Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.
Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methods are inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with the expansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.
1, variable speed control method of pole pairs
This speed is then used to change the stator winding way to change the red cage motor stator pole pairs to achieve speed control purposes, the following featuresWith hard mechanical properties, good stability;
No slip loss, high efficiency; Wiring simple, easy to control, low price;
A level speed, differential large, can not get smooth speed control;
With pressure and speed adjustment, with the use of electromagnetic slip clutch, smooth and efficient access to high speed characteristics.
This method is suitable for the production does not require variable speed machinery, such as metal cutting machine Bed , Lift , Lifting equipment, Fans Water Pump And so on.
2, Frequency Control Method Frequency control is to change the motor stator Power supply Frequency, thus changing the speed of its synchronous speed method. Frequency control system main equipment is to provide variable frequency power supply Inverter , Inverter can be divided into AC - DC - AC inverter and AC - AC converter two categories, most of the current domestic use of AC - DC - AC inverter. Its characteristicsHigh
efficiency, speed the process without additional loss;
Wide range of applications, can be used for cage induction motor;
Speed range, features a hard, high accuracy;
Technical complexity, high cost, difficult maintenance and overhaul.
This method is suitable for the high accuracy, good speed performance occasions.
3, cascade control method Cascade control is wound into the rotor circuit in the series of additional potential can be adjusted to change the motor's slip, to achieve speed control purposes. Most of the deterioration in power to be in series with the added potential absorbed, re-use generate additional devices to absorb the deterioration in power to return power to use or conversion of energy. Slip-power absorption under way, cascade control can be divided into Motor Cascade control, mechanical and thyristor cascade control cascade control, and multi-use cascade control thyristor, characterized byCan speed the process of deterioration in loss of feedback to the network or production
machinery, more efficient;
  Installed capacity and speed range in direct proportion to investment, applicable speed range 70% -90% rated speed of production machinery;
   peed device failure can switch to full speed, to avoid the cut-off;
Thyristor cascade speed low power factor, harmonics greater impact.
This method is suitable for fans, pumps and rolling mills, mine hoist, extrusion machines.
4, wound rotor motor speed control method of Series Resistance
Wound Rotor Motor additional resistance in series, so that the motor slip up, motor running at low speed. The greater the resistance in series, the motor speed is lower. This method is simple, easy to control, but deteriorate the power consumption in the form of heat in the resistor. Is a class speed, soft mechanical properties.
5, the stator pressure and speed adjustment method
Stator voltage when changing the motor, you can get a different set of mechanical properties of curves, which were different speeds. Since the motor torque and voltage proportional to the square, the largest decline in a lot of torque, speed range of its small cage motors in general and difficult to apply. In order to expand the speed range, pressure and speed adjustment should be larger rotor resistance value cage motors, such as dedicated voltage regulator with speed torque motor, or series wound motor frequency sensitive resistors. In order to expand the range of stable operation, when the speed of 2:1 or more occasions in the feedback control should be adopted to achieve the purpose of automatic adjustment of speed.
Pressure and speed adjustment is a key device to provide power supply voltage, the current way of a tandem common saturation voltage regulator Reactor , Auto Transformer And several other Thyristor Surge. Thyristor Surge is the best way. Adjusting Speed featuresPressure and speed adjustment circuit is simple, easy to realize automatic control;
Poor power surge process to heat transfer in the rotor resistance in the form of consumption, low efficiency.
Pressure and speed adjustment generally applies to 100KW below production machinery.

6. electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed control method of electromagnetic

speed regulating electric motor squirrel cage motor, electric slip clutch and DC excitation power supply (Controller) consists of three parts. DC excitation power small, usually consisting of single phase half-wave or full wave rectifiers thyristors composition, change thyristor conduction angle, you can change the magnetizing current size.
Electromagnetic slip clutch armature, poles and excitation windings composed of three parts. Armature and the latter has no mechanical contact, are free to rotate. Armature motor coaxial connection active part, driven by motors; docking with the load axis magnetic pole coupling from the moving parts. When the armature poles are at rest, such as excitation windings for DC, along the circumferential surface will form a number of air gap on the n, s, of alternating polarity poles, the magnetic flux through the armature. Dang electric armature with drag motor rotating Shi, due to electric armature and pole between relative movement, and makes electric armature induction produced Eddy, this Eddy and magnetic pass mutual role produced go moments, led has pole of rotor by same direction rotating, but its speed constant below electric armature of speed N1, this is a go difference adjustable speed way, changes go difference clutch device of DC Lai magnetic current, will can change clutch device of output go moments and speed. Characteristics of electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed:

appliances, structure and control circuit is simple, reliable operation, easy maintenance; speed and smooth, stepless speed regulation
the power network harmonic effects;
lost speed, low efficiency.

This method applies to medium and small power, requires low speed when the smooth, short run production machinery.

7. the hydraulic coupler speed regulating hydraulic Coupler is a device for hydraulic drive, is made up of the pump and turbine, they collectively work wheels, placed in a sealed case. Shell filled with a certain amount of working fluid, when pump is impulse driven by rotation, in which liquid propelled by blades which rotate, and under the action of centrifugal force along the outer wheels when entering the turbine pump, to thrust to the turbine blades on the same turn, make it drive production machinery running. Power transfer capacity of the hydraulic coupler and shell filled with fluid volume sizes are consistent. In the course of work, changing the filling rate can change the coupler of turbine speed, stepless speed regulation, characterized by:
power scope, can meet the needs of from a couple of different power 10-kilowatt to shuqianqian;
simple structure, reliable performance, easy to operation and maintenance, and low cost;
small size, capacity;
easy to adjust, easy to fulfill automatic control.
This method applies to the speed of the fan and water pump.

三相异步电动机的几种调速方式

三相异步电动机转速公式为：
                          n=60f/p(1-s)
从上式可见，改变供电频率f、电动机的极对数p及转差率s均可太到改变转速的目的。从调速的本质来看，不同的调速方式无非是改变交流电动机的同步转速或不改变同步转两种。
在生产机械中广泛使用不改变同步转速的调速方法有绕线式电动机的转子串电阻调速、斩波调速、串级调速以及应用电磁转差离合器、液力偶合器、油膜离合器等调速。改变同步转速的有改变定子极对数的多速电动机，改变定子电压、频率的变频调速有能无换向电动机调速等。
从调速时的能耗观点来看，有高效调速方法与低效调速方法两种：高效调速指时转差率不变，因此无转差损耗，如多速电动机、变频调速以及能将转差损耗回收的调速方法（如串级调速等）。有转差损耗的调速方法属低效调速，如转子串电阻调速方法，能量就损耗在转子回路中；电磁离合器的调速方法，能量损耗在离合器线圈中；液力偶合器调速，能量损耗在液力偶合器的油中。一般来说转差损耗随调速范围扩大而增加，如果调速范围不大，能量损耗是很小的。
一、变极对数调速方法
这种调速方法是用改变定子绕组的接红方式来改变笼型电动机定子极对数达到调速目的，特点如下：
1、具有较硬的机械特性，稳定性良好；
2、无转差损耗，效率高；
3、接线简单、控制方便、价格低；
4、有级调速，级差较大，不能获得平滑调速；
5、可以与调压调速、电磁转差离合器配合使用，获得较高效率的平滑调速特性。
本方法适用于不需要无级调速的生产机械，如金属切削机床、升降机、起重设备、风机、水泵等。
二、变频调速方法
变频调速是改变电动机定子电源的频率，从而改变其同步转速的调速方法。变频调速系统主要设备是提供变频电源的变频器，变频器可分成交流－直流－交流变频器和交流－交流变频器两大类，目前国内大都使用交－直－交变频器。其特点：
1、效率高，调速过程中没有附加损耗
2、应用范围广，可用于笼型异步电动机
3、调速范围大，特性硬，精度高
4、技术复杂，造价高，维护检修困难。
本方法适用于要求精度高、调速性能较好场合。
三、串级调速方法
串级调速是指绕线式电动机转子回路中串入可调节的附加电势来改变电动机的转差，达到调速的目的。大部分转差功率被串入的附加电势所吸收，再利用产生附加的装置，把吸收的转差功率返回电网或转换能量加以利用。根据转差功率吸收利用方式，串级调速可分为电机串级调速、机械串级调速及晶闸管串级调速形式，多采用晶闸管串级调速，其特点为：
1、可将调速过程中的转差损耗回馈到电网或生产机械上，效率较高；
2、装置容量与调速范围成正比，投资省，适用于调速范围在额定转速７０％－９０％的生产机械上；
3、调速装置故障时可以切换至全速运行，避免停产；
4、晶闸管串级调速功率因数偏低，谐波影响较大；
本方法适合于风机、水泵及轧钢机、矿井提升机、挤压机上使用。
四、绕线式电动机转子串电阻调速方法
绕线式异步电动机转子串入附加电阻，使电动机的转差率加大，电动机在较低的转速下运行。串入的电阻越大，电动机的转速越低。此方法设备简单，控制方便，但转差功率以发热的形式消耗在电阻上。属有级调速，机械特性较软。
五、定子调压调速方法
当改变电动机的定子电压时，可以得到一组不同的机械特性曲线，从而获得不同转速。由于电动机的转矩与电压平方成正比，因此最大转矩下降很多，其调速范围较小，使一般笼型电动机难以应用。为了扩大调速范围调压调速应采用转子电阻值大的笼型电动机，如专供调压调速用的力矩电动机，或者在绕线式电动机上串联频敏电阻。为了扩大稳定运行范围，当调速在2：1以上的场合应采用反馈控制以达到自动调节转速目的。
调压调速的主要装置是一个能提供电压变化的电源，目前常用的调压方式有串联饱和电抗器、自耦变压器以及晶闸管调压等几种。晶闸管调压方式为最佳。调压调速的特点：
1、调压调速线路简单，易实现自动控制。
2、调压过程中转差功率以发热形式消耗在转子电阻中，效率较低。
调压调速一般适用于100KW以下的生产机械。
六、电磁调速电动机调速方法
电磁调速电动机由笼型电动机、电磁转差离合器和直流励磁电源（控制器）三部分组成。直流励磁电源功率较小，通常由单相半波或全波晶闸管整流器组成，改变晶闸管的导通角，可以改变励磁电流的大小。
电磁转差离合器由电枢、磁极和励磁绕组三部分组成。电枢和后者没有机械联系，都能自由转动。电枢与电动机转子同轴联接称主动部分，由电动机带动；磁极用联轴节与负载轴对接称从动部分。当电枢与磁极均为静止时，如励磁绕组通以直流，则沿气隙圆周表面将形成若干对N、S极性交替的磁极，其磁通经过电枢。当电枢随拖动电动机旋转时，由于电枢与磁极间相对运动，因而使电枢感应产生涡流，此涡流与磁通相互作用产生转矩，带动有磁极的转子按同一方向旋转，但其转速恒低于电枢的转速N1，这是一种转差调速方式，变动转差离合器的直流励磁电流，便可改变离合器的输出转矩和转速。电磁调速电动机的调速特点：
1、装置结构及控制线路简单、运行可靠、维修方便；
2、调速平滑、无级调速
3、对电网无谐影响；
4、速度失大、效率低。
本方法适用于中、小功率，要求平滑动、短时低速运行的生产机械。
七、液力耦合器调速方法
液力耦合器是一种液力传动装置，一般由泵轮和涡轮组成，它们统称工作轮，放在密封壳体中。壳中充入一定量的工作液体，当泵轮在原动机带动下旋转时，处于其中的液体受叶片推动而旋转，在离心力作用下沿着泵轮外环进入涡轮时，就在同一转向上给涡轮叶片以推力，使其带动生产机械运转。液力耦合器的动力转输能力与壳内相对充液量的大小是一致的。在工作过程中，改变充液率就可以改变耦合器的涡轮转速，作到无级调速，其特点为：
1、功率适应范围大，可满足从几十千瓦至数千千瓦不同功率的需要；
2、结构简单，工作可靠，使用及维修方便，且造价低；
3、尺寸小，能容大；
4、控制调节方便，容易实现自动控制。
本方法适用于风机、水泵的调速。