英语-论文-Abstract.doc

摘要的分类
1． 陈述性摘要 (descriptive abstract)
只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容
Sample 1
Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed.
Sample 2
To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.
2． 资料性/信息性摘要 (informative abstract)
除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果
Sample 3
This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.
Sample 4
In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’ main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinese translation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out students’ translation errors. According to the research, students’ errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.
Sample 5
As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.

英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：
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This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.