英语语法专题培训市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,倒装,第1页,第1页,在英语中,主语和谓语有两种顺序:一是主语,在前,谓语在后,称为,自然语序,(Natural Order).,反之,假如谓语在主语前面,就是,倒装语序,(,Inverted Order,).,倒装语序,所有倒装,部分倒装,Full Inversion,Partial Inversion,倒装原因一是语法结构需要,一是为了强调。,第2页,第2页,在所有倒装句子中,整个谓语都放在主语,前面.,在部分倒装句子中,只是谓语中一部分(如助,动词、情态动词、或系动词be等）放在主语前,面，其余部分仍在主语之后。,所有倒装,部分倒装,第3页,第3页,所有倒装,在以,here,there，out,in,up,down,away,off,等方位副词或以,now,then,时间副词开头句子,里，以示强调，采用所有倒装。如：,Here,are,some picture-books.,Up,went,the arrow into the air.,In,rushed,a strange man.,Now,comes,the bus.,Then,came,a cry for help.,但当代词作主语时不用倒装。如：,Away/Off,they went,./There,he comes,.,第4页,第4页,所有倒装,2.为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语或状语，将,表语或表示地点词语置于句首，采用所有倒装。,(To the)South of the town,lie,two steel factories.,Between the two buildings,stands,a tall tree.,On the other side,is,northern Xinjiang.,They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which,sat,a small boy.,Present at the meeting,were,Professor Li and,many other guests.,第5页,第5页,部分倒装,用于,so,nor,neither,开头句子中，表示前面,所说情况也适合用于另一人或物。,句型,so/as+be,(助动词或情态动词）+主语。,句型,nor/neither+be,(助动词或情态动词）+主语。,If Tom goes to the party,so will,Mary.,Our eating habits have changed,as has,our way,of life.,“,I wont do such a thing.Nor/Neither will,I.”,If you dont go,neither shall,I.,第6页,第6页,但假如一个句子只是重复前面一句话意思，,尽管是用so开头，语序也不颠倒。,注意,_,It was cold yesterday.,_,So it was,.,_Tomorrow will be Monday.,_,So it will.,假如前面一句话表示复杂内容，用此句型表示：,So it is(the same)with,_I,like,pop music and,dont like,classical music.,_ So it is with Mary./So it is the same with Mary.,第7页,第7页,2.用于以,never,not,hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,seldom,little,nowhere,at no time,by no means,not once,no longer,等含有否认意义词开头句子。如：,By no means/At no time,shall,we,give,up.,Never,have,I,been,to America.,Not a word,did,he,say,at the meeting.,Little,does,he,do,every day.,No longer,are they staying,with us.,Not once,has she failed,to keep her promise.,第8页,第8页,3.在,not onlybut also;no soonerthan;,hardlywhen;scarcelywhen;not until;,sothat;suchthat,句型中,主句倒装,从,句不倒装,但要注意:,neithernor,连接句,子前后两个分句都要倒装。,Not only,is she,smart but also she is beautiful.,Such great progress,did he make,that he was,praised.,Not until midnight,did he go,home after work.,So frightened,was he,that he couldnt move a little.,Hardly/Scarcely/,had he entered,the office,when,he realized he had forgotten his report.,Neither,did he know,about it nor,did he care,about it.,第9页,第9页,4.用于,only,所修饰副词、介词短语、或状语从句开头时。如：,Only then,did he get,to know the importance of,being honest.,Only in this way,can we learn,English well.,Only when the war was over in 1945,was he able,to get happily back to work.,但,only,修饰主语时不倒装。,Only Dr Yang,can save,his life.,第10页,第10页,5.在,as/though,引导让步状语从句中，,句子要,倒装,：,表语或状语或动词原形,+as/though+,主语+其它,注意：,1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。,2)句首是实义动词,其它助动词放在主语后。假如实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。,Child,as/though she is,she knows a lot.,Much,as/though I like the color TV set,I cant afford it.,Try hard,as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.,注意：,让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。,第11页,第11页,6。用于虚拟语调条件从句中。,在虚拟语调条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should,等词，可将if 省略，把 were,had,should 移到主语之前，,采用部分倒装。,Were,it to rain tomorrow,the football match,would be put off.,Had,you,put,on more clothes,you wouldnt have,caught cold.,Should,Mr.White,call,what would you say?,7.在一些表示祝愿句子中。,May,you,make,great progress!,May,you,be,happy!,第12页,第12页,8,.,构成被动语态过去分词或构成进行时态,现在分词能够提到句首，而形成部分倒装。,Seated,on the ground,are,a group of young men,playing chess.,=A group of young men playing chess,are seated,on the ground.,Hidden,underground,is,a wealth of gold,silver,copper and lead.,Visiting,Beijing,were,300 Japanese young people.,=300 Japanese young people,were visiting,Beijing.,Standing,beside the desk,is,our headmaster.,第13页,第13页,倍数,1.“A+be+倍数+as+计量形容词原级+as+B”。,This tree is three times as tall as that one.,2.“A+be+倍数+计量形容词比较级+than+B”,The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River.,3.“A+be+倍数+the+计量名词+of+B”,The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.,4.“The+计量名词+of+A+be+倍数+that+of+B”,第14页,第14页,一.虚拟语调用于条件状语从句,与过去事实相反,与现在事实相反,与未来事实相反,条件状语从句,主句,had done,were/did,did,were to do,should do,would/should/could/,might+have done,would/should/could/,might+do,would/should/could/,might+do,1.主句与从句构成,虚拟语调用于状语从句,第15页,第15页,2.虚拟语调用于定语从句,惯用于句型,“It is(high)time(that)”,中，,定语从句谓语动词普通用,did,间或用,should+do,Examples,Its time that I,picked up,/,should pick up,my daughter.,Its high time we,did,/,should do,our work.,Its time that we,stopped,/,should stop,this,quarrel.,第16页,第16页,3虚拟语调用于定语从句,惯用于句型,“It is(high)time(that)”,中，,定语从句谓语动词普通用,did,间或用,should+do,Examples,Its time that I,picked up,/,should pick up,my daughter.,Its high time we,did,/,should do,our work.,Its time that we,stopped,/,should stop,this,quarrel.,第17页,第17页,4.虚拟语调在宾语从句中利用,wish,+宾语从句,表示不能实现愿望。,wish,S.+had done,Sdid/were,S.+could,might,would,第18页,第18页,would rather,+宾语从句，表示一个愿望。,would rather sb.did sth.,would rather sb.had done sth.,Examples,I would rather,they,came,tomorrow.,I would rather,you,had gone,there yesterday.,I could go myself but I would rather,you,went,this afternoon.,第19页,第19页,order/command,suggest/advise/recommend/propose,demand/insist/desire/request/require/urge,+宾语从句，表示命令、提议、要求。,宾语从句谓语动词由,(,should),+动词原形,构成。,Examples,He ordered that the bridge,be completed,soon.,I propose that we,(should)set,a deadline for,handing in the plan.,He requested he,(should)be given,an chance,to try.,第20页,第20页,5.虚拟语调在主语从句中利用,谓语动词虚拟语调用,(,should),+动词原形,结构,It is,necessary/important/natural,that we,(should),clean,the room every day.,It is necessary/important that he,(should),be sent,there at once.,It is,ordered/commanded,/,suggested/advised/,recommended/proposed,/,demanded/desired/,requested/required,that we,(should)get,everything ready by night.,It is strange/surprising/a pity/a shame that,you,(should)be,so careless.,you,are,so careless.,第21页,第21页,6.虚拟语调在表语从句中利用,作表示命令、提议、要求等名词,order,advice,suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,demand,plan,idea,等表语从句,中，从句谓语动词用,(should),+动词原形。,My suggestion is,that Tom,(should)be sent,to help another group.,The orders were,that we,(should),stay,where,we were.,My idea/plan is,that we,(should)carry,on our,conversation in English.,Examples,第22页,第22页,7.虚拟语调在同位语从句中利用,作表示命令、提议、要求等名词,order,advice,suggestion,proposal,request,requirement,demand,plan,idea,等同位语从句中，从句谓语动词用,(should),+动词原形。,Examples,His suggestion,that we,(should)go,to Shanghai,is wonderful.,What do you think of his idea/plan,that we,(should)put,on a play at the English evening,?,I agree to the requirement that the plan,(should)be adjusted.,第23页,第23页,8,、虚拟语调用于方式状语从句,You are looking at me,as if,I,weremad.,He acts,as though,he,had seen,a ghost.,He acts,as though,he,was eating,noodles.,9、虚拟语调用于让步状语从句,Even if,she,were,here,she,could not solve,it.,Even though,the boy,had been,treated,without,delay,nothing,could have saved,his life.,10、虚拟语调用于目状语从句,He got up early,so that,he,could/might/would,catch,the bus,.,We study hard,in order that,we,can/may/will go,to collage.,第24页,第24页,及物动词,不及物动词,积极语态,被动语态,积极语态,普通式,完毕式,过去分词,现在分词,doing,having done,being done,having been done,done,going,having gone,gone,分词时态和语态构成形式:,注:现在分词表示积极和正在进行动作。,过去分词表示被动和已经完毕动作,或只表,被动而没有一定期间性.,第25页,第25页,动名词时态和语态构成形式：,积极形式,被动形式,普通式,完毕式,doing,having done,being done,having been done,第26页,第26页,所谓非谓语动词，它虽不含有动词性,质，即在句子中充当谓语，但仍然含有动词,特性，它有自己逻辑主语，还可带有本,身宾语或状语构成非谓语动词短语，在句子,中作除谓语以外任何成份。如：,Many people watched the boys,climbing the,mountain.,We are studying hard,to go to college.,To complete that building in ten months,was,a great achievement.,第27页,第27页,名称,句 法 功 能,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语,非谓语动词句法功效,第28页,第28页,分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、伴随或,补充阐明。,He stayed in the room,knowing very well,what is happening outside.,The teacher entered the classroom,followed,by his students,.,Having finished all the work,he left the office.,Not having received a reply,I wrote again.,Inspired by Dr.Wangs speech,we decided,to study harder.,Having been shown around the school,we had,a basketball match.,Given more time,we would do the work better.,第29页,第29页,独立主格,独立主格是由动词非谓语形式中分词和其独立逻辑主语构成，用作主语状语，阐明原因、状态、条件、时间等。,第30页,第30页,一、独立主格结构构成形式,1,、逻辑主语,+V-ing,这种构成形式内部逻辑主语是分词动作执行者，分词表示动作不是整句主语发出动作，而是其,逻辑主语,发出动作。如：,1)._no bus,we had to walk home.,A.There being B.Being,C.Having been D.There was,A,第31页,第31页,2,、逻辑主语,+V-ed,该构成形式内部逻辑主语是分词动作承受者。,1),_,the train started.,A.The signal given B.Giving the signal,B.The signal being given,D.The signal giving,2)_,the train started,.,A.After having given the signal,B.After the signal given,C.Giving the signal D.After the signal,was given,A,D,第32页,第32页,3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）,该结构相称于一个未带动词“主系表”结构。如：,1)_,the patient can leave the hospital.,A.Better conditions B.Conditions better,C.Conditions are better,D.Being better conditions,2)_,the patient can leave the hospital.,A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better,D.Being better conditions,B,C,第33页,第33页,独立主格总结,逗号不能连接两个句子,状语中动作不是由整句主语发出，因此要有一个逻辑主语,独立主格在整个句子中作状语，表原因、伴随、时间、条件等,构成：逻辑主语+V-ing(积极）,逻辑主语+V-ed(被动）,逻辑主语+adj.（主+系+表）,第34页,第34页,分词、独立主格和“,with+,复合宾语”作状语区别,分词结构、独立主格结构、,with+,复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样：,一、分词在句中作状语时句子主语是分词逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下分词短语能够改为相应状语从句或并列谓语。,第35页,第35页,二、独立主格结构和,with+,复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部分词或介词短语,逻辑主语不是整句主语,，即主句主语与分词逻辑主语不一致。,三、使用独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when,if,as soon as,aswhile等）或并列连词（如and,but,or,so等）。,第36页,第36页,四、在使用独立主格结构、,with+,复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构逻辑关系。,1,、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。,1)_ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.,A.Lost B.As he was lost,C.He lost D.A and B,D,第37页,第37页,2)._for the bus at the stop,he suddenly caught sight of a thief.,A.Waiting B.When he was waiting,C.As he was waiting D.all the above,2,、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、,with+,复合宾语结构或从句。如：,D,第38页,第38页,不定式和动名词作宾语区别,动名词作宾语,下列动词后只能接动名词,suggest,recommend,finish,avoid,mind,enjoy,miss,excuse,pardon,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,escape,dislike,delay,admit,risk,understand,practise etc.,2.allow/permit/forbid/advise,sb to do sth,allow/permit/forbid/advise,doing sth,第39页,第39页,3.want/need/require,to do(积极）,doing（被动）,to be done（被动）,He needs _(take)a rest.,The desks need _(repair).,The patient required _,(examine).,to take,repairing/to be repaired,examining/to be examined,第40页,第40页,4.下列动词既可带动名词也可带不定式,作宾语,但意思有区别:,1).remember,forget,regret,Please remember _ (meet)her at,the station.,I remember _(meet)her once,somewhere.,I forgot _(see)her before.,Dont forget _(bring)your book here.,I regret _,(not accept)his advice.,I regret _(say)I havent given you,enough help.,to meet,meeting/having met,to bring,not accepting/not having accepted,to say,seeing/having seen,第41页,第41页,2)begin,start,普通来说，begin to do和begin doing能够互换，但在下列三种,情况下用to do：1.主语不是指人，而是it等。如：It began to rain.2.begin后接表示心理活动词。如：begin to know，believe等。3.begin本身是ing形式，为避免重复后接to do，即，,beginning to do,3)try,If nobody answer the door,try,knocking,at the,back door.（尝试做）,You must try,to get,everything ready.（设法做）,第42页,第42页,4.mean,Missing the bus means,waiting,for another hour.,(意味着）,The teacher meant,to begin,Unit 3 the next week.,（打算做）,5.stop,He stopped his work,to watch,TV.,They stopped,quarrelling,about it as soon as,the teacher appeared.,第43页,第43页,6.like,love,prefer,hate,I love,hiking/to hike,in the mountain.,I prefer,listening,to pop music,but today I dont,prefer,to,.,Tom hates,swimming,in the pool,but now he,likes,to,.,7.continue,They continuedoing/to do,research in physics.,第44页,第44页,让步状语从句,1.although,though,as,while,Well try to finish the work in time although/,though/while we are short of manpower.,Much as/though I admire his courage,I dont,think he acted wisely.,Try as/though he might,he couldnt lift the box.,Little child as/though he is,he knows a lot.,Ill get there even if/even though I have to sell,my house to get enough money to go by air.,2.even if,even though,第45页,第45页,3.no matter+what/who/when/where/how,what/who/when/where/how+ever,Dont trust him no matter what/whatever he says.,No matter how hard/however hard the work is,youd better try to do it well.,4.whetheror;whether(or not),Well carry on the work whether we can get the,machine we need(or not).,Hell come on time whether he walks or takes a bus.,第46页,第46页,定语从句,第47页,第47页,1.由关系代词引导定语从句,关系代词,例句,that,指物,指人,A plane is a machine,that,can fly.,The girl,(,that,),we saw yesterday is Mary.,which,指物,The fish,(which),we bought were not fresh.,who,指人,The boy,who,broke the window is called John.,whom,指人,The man(,whom,)you just talked to is Mr.Li.,whose,指物,指人,I like the book,whose,cover is blue.,The teacher,whose,house caught fire isnt here.,as,指人,指物,I like the same man,as,Tom does.,Such books,as,he reads arent interesting at all.,第48页,第48页,2.由关系副词引导定语从句,关系副词,例句,when,where,why,指时间,指地点,指原因,I still remember the day,when,I first came here.,Well never forget the happy time,when,we worked on the farm,.,This is the house,where,we lived last year.,The factory,where,his father works is to,the west of the city.,There are several reasons,why,we cant do that.,He couldnt give the teacher a good reason,why,he was late for school.,第49页,第49页,that与 which 区别:,1.非限制性定语从句由which 引出;,介词后用which 引出定语从句.,2.先行词是不定代词时，用that引出定语从句;,先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，由,that引出定语从句；行词前有only,very修饰时，,用that 引出定语从句；表语用that,无论是人还,是物；who或 which引出特殊疑问句中包括定,语从句时，为避免重复，用that;先行词既有些人,又有物，用that,第50页,第50页,of,whom,which,whose,代词,数量词,最高级,He has two sons,both of _ are college,students.,I like Gong LI,all of _ films I have seen.,In this mountain area,there are a lot of villages,the smallest of _ is my hometown.There are over 150 teachers in our school,three fourth,of _ are women.,whom,whose,which,whom,第51页,第51页,Subject-Verb Agreement,第52页,第52页,I.谓语动词要与主语人称和数一致.,The questions,are,very important.,Tom,has,been to America.,II.,两个名词或代词由and连接作主语时,谓语动词,普通用复数。如:,You and I,are,good friends.,Air and water,are,both important to living things.,第53页,第53页,1.当and 不表示并列意义，而连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念时，或由两个部件配成物品时，谓语动词用单数。如：,注意,The,headmaster and maths teacher,is speaking,to the students.,Our,manager and friend,has thought,out a way,to solve the problem.,A,new knife and fork,is,on the table.,A,cart and horse,was seen,in the distance.,War and peace,is,a constant theme in history.,第54页,第54页,2.两个并列名词由each,every,no,many a 修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如：,Each,boy,and each,girl in my class has a,dictionary.,Many a,boy,and many a,girl likes this singer.,No,teacher,and no,student has heard about it.,Every,doctor,and every,nurse was given a,new shirt.,第55页,第55页,III.集合名词,class,team,group,family,public,government,crew,club,等作主语,时，假如强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；,假如强调个体，则用复数。如：,The family_(be)a happy one.,The family _(watch),TV now.,The public_(consist)of you and me.,The public_(have)different opinions,about this matter.,is,are watching,consists,have,一些集合名词如 people,police,cattle,作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数。,第56页,第56页,IV.不定代词,1.anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,no one,nobody,everyone,everybody;,anything,everything,something,nothing;,each,the other 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,2.all,most,half,some,the rest,any,none,等作,主语时,其主谓一致关系普通遵循意义一致原则,。,The rest of the lecture_(be)dull.,The