高考英语二轮复习《名词》学案.doc

山东省高密市教科院2013届高三高考二轮复习英语《名词》学案

名词学习目标：
1. 熟记近义名词的辨析；
2. 熟记常见的不可数名词，单复数同形的
名词，形单义复的名词和集合名词表示
单复数的情况，如：advice, furniture,
equipment; means, works (工厂), series;
police, cattle, family, audience等等；
3. 掌握名词的抽象化和具体化；
4. 掌握名词的所有格；
5. 熟记名词的固定搭配使用。
名词在高考中的考查重点：
一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现，绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析，名词和表示数量词结合的考查，以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占有一席之地。
解题方法：
1. 熟记近义名词的辨析
2. 熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等
高考例题
【2012福建卷】25. 一 Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
一 Well, you know, English is my . So it is my best choice.
A. strength B. talent C. ability D.' skill
【考点】本题考查名词辨析
【答案】A
【解析】根据后半句的进一步解释“So it is my best choice”“这是我最好的选择”可知本空指的的是“英语是我的强项”，strength意为“优势，强项”与weakness是反义词。
【2012浙江卷】7. Your as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.
A. operation B. growth C. performance D. character
【考点】名词
【答案】C
【解析】根据句意：作为一个学生，你的学习（performance）会很棒的如果你能够养成对所学的的东西进行反思的话。operation操作、手术；growth增长；character人物、角色，均不符合语境，故排除。
【2012湖北卷】29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________.
A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow
【答案】 A
【考点】考查名词辨析。难度中等。
【解析】句意为：定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要。A项意为“症状”，符合句意；B项意为“类似”，C项意为“样本”，D项意为“阴影”，都与语意不符。
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
专有名词：表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称（第一个字母要大写） 例：China 中国，Asia 亚洲，Beijing 北京。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall（长城）。
普通名词：
1) 个体名词：表示个别人或物的名称，如：computer。
2) 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的名称，如：family。
3) 物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质，如：air。
4) 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：anger。
个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词。
物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词。
可数名词变复数的规则变化
1) 一般在词尾 加-s scientist-scientists
2) 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加-es bus-buses;
watch-watches
3) 以ce, se, ze等结尾 加-s license-licenses
4) 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i再加-es baby-
babies
以元音字母+y结尾 加-s key-keys
5) 以o结尾的名词，变复数时：①以辅音字
母加o结尾的词，一般加-es（photo等例
外）；hero-heroes ②以元音字母加o结尾
的词，则直接加-s radio-radios
6) 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：
可数名词变复数的不规则变化
①加-s，如： belief-beliefs；roof-roofs
②去f, fe 加-ves，如：half-halves； knife-knives；leaf-leaves；wife-wives 　
wolf-wolves
1) child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; man-men; woman-women; mouse-mice
2) 单复同形，如：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese
3) 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复 数。例如：people, police, cattle等本身就是复数
4) 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths, politics, physics, news等
名词所有格
英语中有些名词可以加 “ ’s ”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher’s book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1) 单数名词词尾加 “ ’s ”，如：the boy’s bag 男孩的书包，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加 “ ’s ”，如：men’s room 男厕所。
2) 以 s 结尾 ，一般加 “ ’ ”，如：the Smiths’ car 史密斯家的车
3) 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个’s，则表示“共有”。如：John’s and Mary’s rooms（两间）John and Mary’s room（一间）
4) 合成词在最后加 “ ’s ”，如： the editor-in-chief’s office 总编的办公室
anybody else’s opinion 他人意见
5) 名词的双重所有格：of + 名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：a few books of Jack’s 杰克的几本书
巩固练习
Multiple choice.
1. Of the seven days in a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular _____ for a wedding in some countries. (2007浙江)
A. way B. situation
C. event D. choice
2. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _____ of exercise. (2007辽宁)
A. limit B. lack
C. need D. demand
3. — You are always full of _____. Can you tell me the secret?
— Taking plenty of exercise every day. (2007福建)
A. power           B. strength         
C. force             D. energy
4. — Shall we go out for a walk?
— Sorry. This is not the right _____ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. (2008江西)
A. moment B. situation
C. place D. chance
5. Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. (2008浙江)
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
6. — Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
— Because the old one has been damaged _____. (2008江苏)
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
7. The _____ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _____ car. (2009江西)
A. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’; Toms’
C. girls’; Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’
8. China has got a good _____ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. (2009安徽)
A. reputation B. influence
C. impression D. knowledge
9. — He says that my new car is a _____ of money.
— Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes? (2009山东)
A. lack B. load
C. question D. waste
10. James took the magazines off the little table to make _____ for the television. (2010天津)
A. room B. area
C. field D. position
11. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good _____. (2010江苏)
A. expectation B. reputation
C. contribution D. civilization
12. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____ from this medicine. (2010山东)
A. relief B. safety
C. defense D. shelter
13. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _____. (2011江苏)
A. consequence B. independence
C. competence D. intelligence
14. Anyway, I can’t cheat him — it’s against all my _____. (2011浙江)
A. emotions B. principles
C. regulations D. opinions
15. There’s a _____ in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share. (2011山东)
A. tradition B. balance
C. concern D. relationship

5