高考英语阅读理解之细节知识题.doc

2012级二轮复习阅读专练之--------

细节理解题的解题步骤和方法

一、细节理解题的分类
细节理解题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复，而是根据文中的细节经过合理的推理或转化得出的。1．同样，按照答案在原文中出现的位置，细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解题和分散型细节理解题。
（1）集中型：就文章的单个细节提问，答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句话或几句话中。因为具体细节不同，出题形式千变万化，因题而异。如：
【2010江苏】57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably
【2010上海】70.. As is mentioned in the card, the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that
（2）分散型：题目涉及到文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节。请注意，分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置，正确答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节。只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的细节，需要我们在定位的时候阅读某一个区域。分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有：
Which of the following is not true?
We can learn/infer from the passage that…
Which of the following is NOT mentioned about …?
也有因题而异的，有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中，需要考生仔细定位。如：
【2010江苏】61. Some people are against killing wolves because .
原文所陈述的原因有很多段，而并不是单个的句子。
二、 细节理解解题方法
三大法宝： 顺序原则、定位词、排除法
1. 把握解题的顺序原则。一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。
【2010广东】
C
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms (微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (释放) poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include
certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous
Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.
51. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
52. We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning .
A. are always accompanied by a fever
B. are too common to be noted
C. can be noticed within hours
D. can be ignored
53. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT .
A. some chemicals B. low tempertures
C. some tiny living things D. certain natural materials
54. From Paragraph 5, we can learn that
A. mushrooms should not be eaten
B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood
C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals
D. different types of food should be handled differently
2. 通过定位词寻找出题点
定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用于解答主旨大意题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。
（1）什么词才算是定位词呢？
我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干中出现的大写的名词。如
【2010辽宁】64. According to California study, the low-scoring group might .
【2010全国卷II】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?
【2010辽宁】61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
【2010全国I】61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzman’s opinion of the chi tea?
【2010山东】57. D was created for .
【2010湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .
【2010四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?
在上面的例子当中，表示地名的California, New York, Europe；表示人名的 Christy McKinley, Ms. Schatzman，表示时间的1995 以及大写的特殊专有名词D, Green Communities Standards等都是定位词，在原文当中都有出现，能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点。
可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等，在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要留意一些表示实体意义，指代一件具体事物的具象的名词。如：
【2010广东】48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you should .
【2010江苏】56. Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?
【2010全国I】56. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeare’s Birthplace?
【2010全国I】66. Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢？这时我们还可以关注题干中词义鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等。但是因为动词、形容词、副词的同义表达太多，题干中这些词往往是原文中的同义表达或转化，需要引起我们的注意这个我们在下文中还会专门提到。请看下面一个用形容词、副词作定位词的例子：
【2010上海】67. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because
在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子：Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back.
在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：
（1）文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。如：
【2010全国II】A篇（文章略）
41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?
42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie_______
43.Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet?
44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she__________.
我们发现，这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有Brownie, 因此Brownie不是定位词。
（2）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。一般来说，定位词的转换有下面几种形式：
a. 同义改写。题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组，词性和结构不变，意义相近。如：
【2010全国II】A篇
When I was six, Dad brought home a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”, My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her ,then there were baths, playing catch and many other games .Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better when she was around.
41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?
A. Look at them sadly. B. Keep them company.
C. Play games with them. D. Touch them gently.
这里原文中的sick 被转换成了题干中的ill。
【2010广东】A篇
When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother’s Chinese English. Because of her English she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
41. Why was the author’s mother poorly served?
A. She was unable to speak good English.
B. She was often misunderstood.
C. She was not clearly heard.
D. She was not very polite.
我们发现原文中的treated unfairly 与题干中的 poorly served 意义相近，因此在浏览文章的时候就能够注意到treated unfairly ，并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案。
【2010江苏】D篇
But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on
domestic railway expansion．
68．According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is ．
A．technical issues B．safety of the system

C．financial problems D．maintenance of railway tracks
这里文章中的名词词组 key issue 转换成了题干中的 greatest challenge, 意义相近.
【2010陕西】B篇
Tuesday’s Daily News said 29-year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.
51. What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came?
A. He was interviewed by a newspaper
B. He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothes
C. He went to the hospital in the ambulance
D. He disappeared from the spot quickly
这里文章中的quickly 转化成了题干中的shortly
b.转变词性与结构: 题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致，而是做了一定的概括与总结。如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词、形容词等等。
【2010江西】 C
Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, are that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的)classes.
66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius?
A. Family B. Potential C. Knowledge D. Community
我们发现文章中的set men apart 即有题干中的different 之意。这里将一个动词词组转化成为一个形容词。因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词different（Confucius 在文中反复出现）就容易让我们定位到set men apart 这里来。
我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词，现在让我们用高考真题来演练一下定位词是如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的。
【2010江苏】D篇
It’11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countries.
For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop China’s far west．We foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unused．With high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11．And they’11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries．
67．China’s new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because ．
A．China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions
B．China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways
C．China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries
D the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation business and tourism
【2010湖南】A篇
HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR
 DO：
Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor．
Try to eat heart-healthy foods while you take Lipitor．
Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food．
If you miss a dose(一剂)，take it as soon as you remember．But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose，wait．Take the next dose at your regular time．
Don’t：
Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor．
Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor．
58. If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should         .
A. change the amount of your next dose   B, eat more when taking your next dose
C. have a dose as soon as you remember  D. take the next dose at your regular time
【2010全国II】A篇
Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course she’d let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many times when we’d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she never barked(吠) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely everyone.
44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she__________.
A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funny
3.排除法
排除法是解答阅读理解题的另一个重要的方法。因为有的时候如果是给填空题让我们做，我们也许不能填出正确答案，但是如果给出四个选项让我们选的话，我们可以通过对比排除错误选项。那么怎样通过排除法做题呢？
（1）正确选项的特征
正确选项虽然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改写，意思不变。如换一个同义词，把否定改为肯定，把肯定改为否定等。
【2010江苏】68. According to the passage, the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is .
A. technical issues B. safety of the system
C. financial problems D. maintenance of railway tracks
光了解了正确选项特点还不够，我们更需要知道错误选项为什么是错误的，这样才能够洞察出题者的出题意图，规避有意给我们设置的陷阱。那么干扰项究竟有哪些特点呢？
（2）错误选项的特征
a．张冠李戴：把A事物的特点说成是B事物的，企图混淆视听。
【2010江苏】A篇
Other early surnames came· from people’s occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter — a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter —a person who made pots and pans.
57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably _______.
A. owned or drove a cart B. made things with metals
C. made kitchen tools or contains D. built houses and furniture
b.断章取义：抓住一个字眼或细节做文章，对作者本意歪曲的理解。
c.过度猜测：文中并没有出现和选项一致的直接信息，选项对文意进行了不切实际的过度猜测。
【2010全国卷II】B篇
When you’re lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(压力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!
Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic(评论家),Edie Jarolim “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things,” Jarolim said. Now you can read her travel advice everywhere in Arts and Antiques, in Brides, or in one of her there books, The Complete Idiot’s Travel Guide to Mexican Beach Resorts.
Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago. After getting a PhD in English in Canada, she took a Test Frommer’s travel guides, passed it, and got the job. After working at Frommer’s, Jarolim worked for a while at Rough Guides in London, then Fodor’s, where she fell so in love with a description of the Southwest of the U.S. that she moved there.
Now as a travel writer, she spends one-third of her year on the road. The rest of the time is spent completing her tasks and writing reviews of restaurants at home in Tucson, Arizona.
As adventurous as the job sounds, the hard part is fact-checking all the information. Sure, it’s great to write about a tourist attraction, but you’d better get the local(当地的)museum hours correct or you could really ruin someone’s vacation.
48. What do we know about Jarolim from the text?
A．She is successful in her job
B．She finds her life full of stresses
C．She spends half of her time traveling
D．She is especially interested in museums
c. 把已然说成未然（或把未然说成已然）：本来文中还没有发生的事在选项中变成了已经发生的事，或者反之。
d. 选项与原文事实相反：选项所叙述的内容与原文所提到的完全相反
【2010山东】D篇
D
Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU) researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient.
“To provide enough power, we need certain methods with energy density(密度)，”sai