部分倒装与完全倒装的区别.doc

部分倒装与完全倒装的区别
英语最基本的词序“主语部分+谓语部分”通常十分固定。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，这就叫做倒装。将谓语动词完全移至主语之前，称为完全倒装；如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称为部分倒装。
一、全部倒装
1．以here， there， now，then开头的句子,谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前。这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：
Here comes the train！
There goes the bell！
注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。如：
Here it comes！ ／ There it goes！
2．有些动词短语以副词out，in，up，down，away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。）如：
Up went the rocket．
Up it went．
3．为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：
In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker．
4．表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如：
Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat．
5．so／neither／nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so／neither／nor＋助动词／系动词／情态动词＋主语”（so表示肯定意义，neither／nor表示否定意义）。如：
She has finished her homework，so has her brother．
She hasn’t gone there， neither／nor has he．
但如果so表示强调， 即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so＋主语＋助动词／系动词／情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：
She knows little English，so she does． 她英语懂得不多。她的确如此。
二．部分倒装
1．用于疑问句中。如：
How did you do that﹖
Did you see the film yesterday﹖
2．用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were， had，
should提到主语前面。如：
If you had come yesterday， you would have seen him．
→Had you come yesterday， you would have seen him．
3．用于as引导的让步状语从句中。as引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式：
1) 副词置于句首。如：
Much as I like it (＝Although I like it very much), I will not buy it．
2) 动词原形置于句首。如
Wait as you may(＝Although you may wait), he will not see you．
3) 形容词或名词置于句首。如：
Proud as the nobles are (＝Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see me．
Child as he is (＝Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong．
注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as 引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如：
A bad-tempered man as he is (＝Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply．
4．具有否定意义的副词或连词(not，hardly，no sooner, not until, seldom，not once，at no time，never，little等) 置于句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装。如：
Little do we know about him．
No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep．
Seldom does he come back on Sundays．
Not until he came back did I know about it．
5．only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子（主句）要用部分倒装。如：
Only then did I realize the importance of English．
但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如：
Only socialism can save China．
(only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序。)
6．not only…but also… 连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如：
Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons．
7．so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so
连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如：
He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others．
→So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others．
He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book．
→So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book． （全部倒装）
倒装的原因有二：
1)由于一定语法结构的需要，如：
Have you known Mr. Davis long?你认识戴维斯先生很久了吗?
Where have you been?你刚才到哪里去了?
Was the car damaged by a truck?这辆小轿车是让大卡车给撞坏的吗?
2)由于强调，如：
Never have I heard such a funny story.我从来没听过这样有趣的故事。
Only then did I fully understand what my father said.只有到那时，我才充分理解我父亲讲的话。
倒装结构的基本用法
在下列情况下，通常用倒装句。.
1)在问句中，如：
What does your father do?你父亲干什幺工作?
How are you?你身体好吗?
Is he singing of is his brother?是他在唱，还是他弟弟在唱?
Was your school setup in 1958? 你们的学校是7958年成立的吗?
2)在“there + be”结构里，如：
There are many tall buildings in Hong Kong.香港有很多高建筑物。
There is a plane at the airport.飞机场上有一架飞机。
There are different forms of energy.有各种不同形式的能量。
3)在以here(这里)，there(那里)等副词开头的某些句子里(须用现在一般时)，如：
There goes our director.我们的主任走了。
There goes then bell.铃响了。
Here is a ticket for you.这儿有张票给你。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
[注]但如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的词序则不变。如：
There he comes.他来了。
Here it is.在这儿(或这就是)。
4)虚拟结构中的条件从句省去it时这时were，had和should须移至主语之前。如：
He would do more work were he in your place.如果他是你的话，他会干更多工作。
Should I earn more money，I should live better.如果我能赚更多的钱，我会生活得好些。
You would have done well had you taken her advice.你如果听她的意见，你就会干得好些。
Were there no steel，there would be no modern industry.没有钢就不会有现代工业。
5)直接宾语如果是直接引语的全部或一部分往往放在句首，这时主语和谓语动词也可颠倒位置。如：
“You all made great progress last term，”said the teacher.老师说：“你们上学期都取得了很大的进步。”
“Miss smith，”replied the monitor，“our success is inseparable from your hard work.”“史密斯小姐，”班长回答说，“我们的成绩与你的辛勤劳动是分不开的。”
6)在某些表达祝愿的句子里，如：
Long live the people!人民万岁!
May you all be happy!祝你们大家愉快!
7)在用肋表示“我也这样”一类概念的结构里，其公式是：
肯定：so + be，have，助动词或情态动词 + 主语
否定：neither (nor) + be，have，助动词或情态动词 + 主语
He has visited the museum. － so have I.他参观了博物馆。——我也参观了。
She enjoys literature.－so does every one of us.他喜欢文学——我们每个人也都喜欢。
They can play chess. －so can we.他们会下棋。——我们也会。
He is a basketball fan. －so do I.他是一个篮球迷。——我也是。
He isn’t a businessman. －neither am I.他不是商人——我也不是。
They were not thirsty. －nor were we.他们不渴——我们也不渴。
The boy can’t swim across the river. －nor can his brother.这男孩游不到河的对岸——他弟弟也不行。
I did not attend the performance yesterday. －neither did my wife.我昨天没有去看节目——我妻子也没去。
8)在某些副词开头的句子中，在用never(从来不)，hardly(几乎不)，only(只有)，no sooner...than(刚一…就)，nor(也不)，scarcely...when(…就…)，little(很少)等副词开头的句子中。如：
Never before have I seen such a wonderful park.我从未看到过这样好的公园。
Hardly did I think it possible.我几乎认为这是不可能的。
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.我刚出去，他就来看我来了。

So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him clearly，他讲话声音很大，每个人都听得清楚。
Under no circumstances will we be the first to use nuclear weapons.我们在任何情况下决不首先使用核武器。
9)在表示动作的简短句子里，为了表达生动，有时把副词放在句首，同时把谓语动词(常为实义动词)放在主语之前。如：
In came the teacher and the lesson began.教师走了进来，接着就开始上课。
Away hurried the hunters.猎人们匆忙地走了。
out rushed the boy.那男孩冲了出去。
[注]但如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。如：
In he came and the lesson began.他走了进来，接着就开始上课。
Away they hurried.他们匆忙地走开了。
Out he rushed，他冲了出去。
10)在其它情况下，有时因为句子的主语比较长，或是为了强调表语，或是为了更紧密地与上文衔接，常将表语放在句首，同时颠倒主语和谓语动词的位置。如：
Present at the meeting were president Liu，professor Wang，professor Zhang and others.出席会议的有刘校长、王教授、张教授等人。
Shoulder to shoulder，singing and holding banners，people marched along. on the banners were the words “ we want peace”人们肩并肩，唱着歌，举着旗子前进。旗子上写着：“我们要和平。”
Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.他们当中有一个胃部受伤的士兵。
Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.中国人民用洋油的日子已经一去不复返了。

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