国际贸易理论与实务双语教程英文版全套教学教程电子课件整本书.ppt

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Trade,国际贸易实务,国际贸易实务级,meow,可以吗,也不知道啊,*,*,International Trade,国际贸易实务,国际贸易实务级,meow,可以吗,也不知道啊,*,*,International Trade,国际贸易实务,国际贸易实务级,meow,可以吗,也不知道啊,*,*,国际贸易理论与实务双语教程,Theory and Practice of International Trade Bilingual course,教学用课件,Chapter 1 International Trade Theories and Policies,国际贸易理论及政策,Lesson 1 Basic Concepts of International Trade,国际贸易的基本概念,1.International trade,Foreign trade and Overseas Trade,国际贸易、对外贸易和海外贸易,1.1 International Trade(also named World Trade),国际贸易,International trade is the exchange of goods and services happened between the countries or regions across world,including visible products(substantial products)and invisible products(such as labor,technology,consultation etc.).For the traditional international trade,it only refers to the exchange of the goods in variety between countries and regions,not including services;In a modern international trade,the exchange covers the goods as well as services of different countries and regions over the world.,1.2.Foreign Trade(also named import and export business),对外贸易,Foreign trade refers to the exchange activitiy about the goods and services operated by one country or region with other countries or regions.,Foreign trade means the business activity regarded on the side of one country.For example,the trade between China and other countries,usually called as Chinese Foreign Trade.International trade is the business activity regarded all over the world,1.3.Overseas Trade,海外贸易,The foreign trade developed by the insular countries such as JapanUK is named as Overseas Trade.,2.Export Trade,Import Trade,Transit Trade,出口贸易、进口贸易、过境贸易,According to the different movement directions of the goods,international trade is classified into export trade,import trade,and transit trade.,2.1 Export Trade,出口贸易,The business of selling the merchandise including services produced or proceeded in domestic market to abroad market is called as Export Trade or Output Trade.,2.2 Import Trade,进口贸易,The business of buying the merchandise(including services)from abroad market,and imputing to domestic market is called as import trade or imput trade.,2.3 Transit Trade,过境贸易,During the business between the country of production and the country of consumption,the transportation will be carried out usually through the third country while the third country charges for the transportation.Then the business is regarded as the transit trade by the third country.For instance,the business trade between the inland country and the non-neighboring countries has to be completed through the third countrys frontier,consequently the kind of business will be classified as the transit trade by the customs of the third country.,3.Direct Trade,Indirect Trade,Entrepot Trade直接贸易、间接贸易、转口贸易,Depending on whether the third party gets involved in the trade,international trade is classified into direct trade,indirect trade and entrepot trade.,3.1 Direct Trade,直接贸易,The direct trade is a business trade happened between the country of production and the country of consumption without the involvement of the third country.The both parties of a direct trade make negotiation,conclude a deal and make settlement directly.When the merchandise is exported directly to the country of consumption from the country of production,it is a direct export for the producing country and a direct import for the consuming country.,3.2 Indirect Trade,间接贸易,The indirect trade is the business trade made by the producing country and the consuming country through the third country.For some reasons such as political reasons and the inconvenience of communication between the 2 countries,the negotiation,contract conclusion and settlement in the business cannot be carried out directly between the export country and the import country without the involvement of the third country,the indirect trade is necessary.,3.3 Entrepot Trade,转口贸易,An Entrepot is a business involving 3 parties which are the country of production,the country of consumption and the country of making entrepot trade.Sometimes,the merchandise is transported to the country of consumption from the country of the production though the 2 countries are not in direct business relationship as the third country has the business relationship with the 2 countries respectively.,4.General Trade and Special Trade,总贸易、专门贸易,According to the different standards of import and export,international trade may be divided into general trade and special trade,both are statistical systems.,4.1 General Trade,总贸易,It is a statistical method to classify import and export by countrys border.General trade is divided into general import and general export.All the merchandise moving into the border of a country are counted into the general import including what are consumed in domestic and what are transited or passed through the territory of the county;All the merchandise moved out of the border of a country are counted into general export including the export of the home-made products,the re-export of foreign merchandise and transited goods or the goods passing through the border.The total sum of general import and general export are general trade.,4.2 Special Trade,专门贸易,It is a statistical method to classify import and export by countrys customs frontier.Special trade is divided into special import and special export.Special import is the goods moving into the customs frontier after paying tariff and making customs clearance;according to the standard,the goods which are moved into the border of a country but kept in the bonded warehouse,or in the duty-free export processing zone are not taken as the import.,5.Visible Trade and Invisible Trade,有形贸易、无形贸易,According to the forms and contents of merchandise,international trade may be classified into visible trade and invisible trade.,5.1 Visible Trade,有形贸易,It is also named as cargo trade,referred to the trade of substantial merchandise in import and export,in which the goods are visible and touchable.The import and export of visible merchandise have to go through customs,and indicated in the statistical data of import and export,constitute to the total amount of the foreign trade of a country for a period of time.,5.2 Invisible Trade,无形贸易,It is referred to all the trade of non-material merchandise in international business,including trade of service and trade of technology.Usually,the invisible trade are not indicated in the statistics of customs as it neednt go through customs,but instead shown on the international balance sheet as an important part of it,6.Free-Liquidation Trade,Barter Trade,自由结汇贸易、易货贸易,In accordance with payment ways,international trade may be divided into free-liquidation trade and barter trade.,6.1 Free-Liquidation Trade,自由结汇贸易,It is also named as Cash-Liquidation trade,referring to the trade is on the payment by currency,on the condition that the payment currency must be convertible in international financial market.The characteristics of it is to make settlement in trade through bank as scheduled.For the time being,in international trade,the payment currencies are mainly Dollar,Euro,Pound,Yen,and Swiss Franc etc.,6.2 Barter Trade,易货贸易,It is referred to the trade based on the barter trade agreement or barter contract concluded by bother parties,on the payment with the valuated goods.,Free-liquidation trade is the most common one in the current international trade.Barter trade is more suitable to the countries which cannot carry out,7.International Trade Volume,Foreign Trade Volume,Quantum of Foreign Trade,国际贸易额（值）、对外贸易额（值）、对外贸易量,7.1 Foreign Trade Volume,对外贸易额（值）,Foreign Trade Volume consist of the total import volume and the total export volume of a country for a period of time.It is an important indicator to reflect the foreign trade situation of a country,measuring the scale of the import and export volume in form of currency amount.,7.2 International Trade Volume,国际贸易额（值）,It is the total trade volume of countries all over the world indicated in form of currency,the total sum of the export volume of all countries and regions.In order to avoid repeat calculation,International trade volume cannot be calculated by simply gathering the total sum of import volume and export volume of all counties because the export of one country(or region)is also the equivalent import of the other country(or region).,7.3 Quantum of Foreign Trade,对外贸易量,The foreign trade volume indicated in currency cannot exactly reflect the actual scale of a countrys foreign trade as it is often influenced by the fluctuation of price.As a result,the volumes of foreign trade for different periods cannot be compared directly.,Example:,1.Export Volume,generally on basis of FOB price,the export volume of chinas homeland in 2012 is 20489.35 billion dollars.,2.Import Volume,generally on basis of CIF price,the import volume of chinas homeland in 2012 is 18178.26 billion dollars.,3.Foreign Trade Volume:Import Volume+Export Volume.The total foreign trade volume of China in 2012 is 38667.60 billion dollars.,4.Trade Balance:Export Volume Import Volume.,(1)Trade Surplus:Export Volume Import Volume.Trade surplus of China mainland is 2311.09 billion dollars.,(2)Trade Deficit:Export Volume,the initial publish of which symbolized the birth of the economics as an independent knowledge playing an important role in the development of capitalism society.,1.1.1 Major Points of Absolute Advantage Law,绝对优势论的主要论点,In the“Absolute Advantage Law”of Adam Smith,it is stated as follows:with different natural condition owned by every country and consequently different production condition of every country,based on the most favorable condition of which,it is beneficial to every country if every country makes exchange of the commodity produced in the absolutely low production cost with other countries.The theory is also called as“Law of Absolute Cost”as he stressed but the commodities in absolutely low cost can be exchanged internationally.,1,）,Specialization Leading to the Enhancement of Productivity,分工导致劳动生产率提高,1st,specialization has made workers more skillful on their jobs;,2nd,specialization has avoided the time loss caused by labour transition;,3rd,specialization has resulted into the invention of machines which made work easier and shortened working time,further advancing the improvement of working tools,and making one person able to finish the work of several persons,consequently to enhance the productivity.,2,）,The absolute advantage of cost is the principle of specialization,分工的原则是成本的绝对优势,In case that one nation may produce a kind of product at absolutely lower cost than the other nation,the nation has the absolute advantage on the product.,Since division of labour can spur the productivity greatly,Adam Smith thought,every person should get engaged into the production in which he specialized in,then made exchange of the products with other persons,which is beneficial to everyone at the most.,3,）,International specialization is based on natural advantage or acquired advantage owned by a nation.,国际分工是建立在一个国家所拥有的自然优势或获得性优势的基础之上,The advantage is determined after comparing the production costs of nations,which is resulted from rich natural resource(such as geographic,environmental,soil,climate,mineral conditions etc.)and the acquired advantage(such as highly skilled craft owned by local people).,1.1.2 Argument of the Law of Absolute Advantage,绝对优势论的论证,Productivity is promoted with specialization resulting from divison of labor for trade.Every country shall produce the products which are at the lowest cost,and gain more through free trade.To illuminate the theory,Smith taked two examples as follows:,Its presumed that Britain and Portugal both go into production of wine and wool,the production are as follows:,Before specialization,the labor needed for every unit of product,Country,国家,Wool,毛呢,Wine,酒,Labor(P/Y),劳动量,(,人,/,年,),Output(unit),产量,(,单位,),Labor(P/Y),劳动量,(,人,/,年,),Output(Unit),产量,(,单位,),Britain,英国,80,1,120,1,Portugal,葡萄牙,120,1,60,1,According to the above data,Britain has absolute advantage on the production of wool while Portugal has absolute advantage on the production of wine,so the 2 countries may get into specialization.,After specialization,the production of both countries,Product,商品,Country,国家,Wool,毛呢,Wine,酒,Britain,英国,（,80+120,）,80,2.5,Portugal,葡萄牙,（,60+120,）,60,3,After tradethe products owned by the 2 countries are as follows:,Product,商品,Country,国家,Wool,毛呢,Wine,酒,Britain,英国,1.5(0,5 unit more than before specialization),1(Imported),Portugal,葡萄牙,1(Imported),2(1 unit more than before specialization),1.2 The Law of Comparative Advantage of David Ricardo,大卫,李嘉图的比较优势论,David Ricardo(1772-1823):a great British classic political economist,born in a rich capitalist Jewish Family in Britain.At his time,it happened that industrial revolution was growing rapidly in Britain with emerging capitalists.,1.2.1 The historian background for the theory forming,该理论产生的历史背景,In 1815,the Britain parliament passed the amended Corn Laws which was a protectionism trade policy to restrict the import of foreign grain,leading to other countries to obstruct the export from Britain through imposing high tariff on the British industrial products,hence cutting down the competition of industr