英语论文写作演示文稿.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英文写作中的常见问题,1,、惯词,a,an,the,的用法,例如：,Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and split blades.,The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool;it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves,the,the,2,、,Keep sentences short and simple,（,1,）注意使每个句子尽量紧凑。,（,2,）用长句子避免几个连续的短句、句子,不连贯或者有重复现象。,（,3,）用长句时，把主句和谓语紧凑地放在前面；修饰的成分放在后面。,例如：论文研究了实二次型在单位球面上,的极值性质及其与实对称矩阵的特征值和特,征向量之内在联系，并在此基础上给出了求,实对称矩阵特征值和特征向量的规划算法。,主谓宾：论文,研究了,性质和联系并,给出了,规划算法,The paper discusses,the local extremum,properties,of real quadratic form defined on,a unit sphere surface,and,finds the,relationship,to the eigenvalues and,eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix,furthermore develops,a programming,algorithm,for eigenvalues and eigenvectors,of a real symmetric matrix,(4),句子太长时，主句和辅句分开写，若强调之间有,联系，中间用分号。,例如According to the characteristic of fan-coil,air-conditioning systems,this paper derives the,cooling formula of fan-coil units based on heat,transfer theories and puts forward a new method,to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the,Airside,which can monitor the individual air-,conditioning cooling consumption during a period,of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air,condition-temperature and humidity-of the fan-coil,air-conditioning system as well as the parameters,of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.,The new method,3,、,不管主句或从句，,put the most important idea early in the sentence.,中国人习惯说为了,，我们做了,。英,文正好相反，要直接说我们做了,，达到,了,目的。主句太长，附句很短时可以例外。,例,1,：,For the application in,automobile interiors,this paper studies,the nesting optimization problem in,leather manufacturing.,改为：,This paper studies the nesting,optimization problem in leather,manufacturing for the application in,automobile interiors.,例,2:Inside the test box,the space,was filled with asbestos.,改为：,The space inside the test box,was filled with asbestos.,例,3,：,Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model,the extended STL format is described in this section.,改为：,The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.,可以,To test the sensitivity of the model,we design a simulation programming for different parameters.The results shows that a sufficient small change in parameter can be detected by the model,4,、,滥用,In this paper,In this study,这两个短语主要用在：介绍或者总结时强,调文章的内容和引用他人的文章时,特别是“,In this paper”,给人的感觉是你在说,别人的文章,这种时候，只要直接写“,the paper presents,”,即可,5,、,respectively,的用法,正确用法：,Bobby,Nicole and Daren wore red,green and blue coats,respectively.,错误用法：,The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400,Equations 26 can be respectively linearized as,(equations given),respectively,repectively,This article respectively proposed the,vector data compression model based on,genetic algorithm and the improved method,of vector data compression based on,dynamic programming algorithm.,6,、Such as,和,etc.,的用法,such as,用作举例时，是列出其中的一部分而不是全部；,etc.,是表示除了以上提到的以外还有没列出的。因此两个没必要同时用。,Incorrect Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors,printers,and etc.,Correct Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors and printers.,Incorrect Compared to traditional industry,Micro-electronic fabric has three characteristics such as high complexity,high precision and high automation.,Correct Compared to traditional industry,Micro-electronic fabric has three characteristics:high complexity,high precision and high automation.,7,、阿拉伯数字和数学方程的用法,阿拉伯数字不能出现在句子开头,12 parameters were selected for the experiment.,(Twelve),科技文章中，阿拉伯数字给出的是数据，不应该是,信息,All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature,(three),should be 30,数学方程不能插入句子中,If the power battery SOC SOC10 and the driving,(is greater than),torque belongs to the middle load,8,、中国人常用的多余的用法：,Instead of say or say,Research work Research Work,Limit condition Limit Condition,Knowledge memory Knowledge Memory,Sketch map Sketch Map,Layout scheme Layout Scheme,Arrangement plan Arrangement Plan,Knowledge information Knowledge Information,Calculation results Calculation Results,Application results Application Results,9,、注意不规则动词的过去式和过去分词：,Results are showed as Fig.2,改为,:,Results are shown in Fig.2,10,、,“How to,”,不能放在句子的开头：,How to find the optimal parameter is the,main objective,改为：,Determining how to find the optimal,parameter is the main objective,或者：,The main objective is to find the,optimal parameter,尽量不用“,obviously”,尽量用句子表达意思，而不用“,that is to,say”,，或者“,namely”,在科技文章中，尽量别用“,too”,放到句末,表示“也,”,。,英文标点符号后要加一空格,每一段落说明一个意思，之前要空一行，,或空大约一英寸的空间,11,、,一个句子中，前后主语和谓语时态、结构,上一定要对称，要分析英语语言与汉语语言表达,方式的不同。例,1,、我们的重点放在第二章所介绍的内容。,我们做主语：,We focus on/concentrate on/emphasize,/chapter 2.,重点做主语：,Our emphasis is put on what is described in,chapter 2.,(,注意“内容”并未直译）,例,2,、这计算机的体积小。,三种译法：,The,volume,of this computer is very small.,The,size,of this computer is very small.,This computer is very small,in size/volume,.,例,3,、变量,A,与变量,B,的关系由欧拉公式确,定。,The relation between,variable A and,variable B is determined by the Euler,formula.,例,4,、解这个方程的方法是选择合适的变换,参数。,The equation is solved by choosing suitable,transformation parameter.,例,5,、,Because of using the random optimiz-,ation technology,and does not require the,question of continuity or differentiability,it has,a greater probability to get the global optimal,solution.,改为：,It is more possible to get the global optimal,solution because it is not necessary to discuss,the continuity and differentiability when using,the random optimization technology,例,6,、,To optimize the solution of this,compression error function,first it needs to,define a non-consecutive two-dimensional,state space,and establish the,relationship between the Nb nodes on F,before compression and the number of the,sub-segment on F after compression.,修改为：,We defined a non-continuous two dimen-,sional state space and established the,relationship between the Nb nodes on F,before compression and the number of,the sub-segment on F after compression,before optimizing the Compression error,function,例,7,、,The study on equilibrium exchange,rate of RMB based on purchasing power,parity(PPP),has never stopped,and the,greatest contribution of the PPP economists,is that the determine of equilibrium exchange,rate in their analyze,has transferred from the,single variable to the multi-variable,providing,a solid theoretic foundation for the coming,studies.,重新组织如下：,The study on equilibrium exchange rate of,RMB based on purchasing power parity(PPP),has never stopped.The number of the,variables considered in determining of,equilibrium exchange rate has been,extended/generalized from a single variable to,multi-variables,which is the greatest,contribution of the economists studying PPP,and provides a solid theoretic foundation for,the future studies.,12,、科技论文常用的表达：,1,）表示假设,Suppose+that,从句；,assume+that,从句,2,）设,，令,Set A=1,2,3,；,put A=,；,let x be a set,3,）记作,Denote the differential of a function by d,The differential of a function is denoted,by d,4,）把,叫做；称为,Call/say/the limit the integral ofx)on,the interval a,b,5),表示得出结论,We deduce that y=2,We obtain that,We have the equality ay+x=0,From(1)and(2)follows that x=y+1,6),表示“与,矛盾”,This contradicts property 1,This is contradictory to property 1,This is in contradiction with property 1,7),条件从句,If then;when;as.,充分条件：,sufficient condition,必要条件necessary condition,充要条件：,if and only if,;when and only,when,足够小,/,大：,sufficiently small/large,8),表示补充、伴随情况,用,with,引导的介词短语,例：假设函数,y=(x),可导，定义域为,D,值,域为,R,Suppose that a function y=(x)is,differentiable with domain D and range R.,9),表示目的：,such that,例：,A is an element in the union of n sets A1,A2,An,if and only if,there exists at least one i,in the set,1,2,n such that a is an element in Ai.,10),表示原因：,since,as,owing to,11),证明过程中以下表达：因此,:hence;so;thus;,therefore(,常用在证明的最后）,据,:according to;by,12),过去分词的使用,the wanted coefficients,the normalized polynomials,the well-ordered set,the generalized solutions,Given,0,there exists,0 such that,，,then we say the limit of,(x)when x approaches,a is A,13),现在分词独立结构说明经过某种运算，某种方法，有什么样的结果,Setting,n,we obtain the desired result.,可以简化为：,Setting,n,obtains the desired result.,Dividing the both sides by the same,number a,we deduce the solution of the,equation.,例：做匀速圆周运动的物体不处于平衡状态,A body/an object moving with an uniform,speed in a circle is not in equilibrium.,14),适当用句型”动词的名次形式,+make”,少用动词作谓语,例,1:,这里,我们把无理数与有理数做个比较,A comparison of irrational numbers with rational,numbers is made here.,Irrational numbers are compared with rational,numbers here.,例,2:,本书简要介绍数字计算机的基础知识,A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of,a digital computer in this book,13,、用过度词表示上下文之间的关系,（,1,）表示同一思想的延续,:,And,in addition,also,likewise,first,second,third,similarly,（,2,）表示最后或最重要的：,Finally,moreover,Furthermore,（,3,）表示举例：,For example(e.g.),for instance,to,illustrate,namely,indeed,specifically,（,4,）表示比较：,In contrast,on the other hand,or,whereas,（,5,）表示与之前的对照更重要：,But,nevertheless,however,on the,contrary,（,6,）表示原因和结果：,As a result,for this reason,because,therefore,consequently,（,7,）表示时间：,After,next,as,then,before,until,during,when,in the future,while,since,（,8,）表示下结论：,In conclusion,to summarize,to sum up,to conclude,in one word,in short,14,、文章的一段表达一个主题，不同的内容分不同的段落写；每一段落写作风格尽量一致。,如：,“There are two problems with this method:the first is,and the second is”,，然后再分段讨论两种方法。,写作练习,1,、在,x-,轴上,O,点右边选定一个适当的点，并把,它到,O,点的距离称为单位长度,2,、在这个区间存在一个数属于集合,A,3,、若,a,b,非负，则得到不等式,而当,a=b,时，等式成立,;,人做主语：,1On the x-axis choose an appropriate point,to the right of O and call the distance from,this point to O the unit distance.,（祈使句）,对象做主语：,A convenient point is chosen to the right,of O on the x-axis and its distance from O is,called the unit distance.,（被动语态）,2.There exists a number in this interval belonging to,the set A,3,.,If a,b are not negative,we have the inequality,and the equality occurs when a=b,;,4,、若,是一个给定的函数，,x,是定义域里的一个元素，那么记号,(x),用来表示由,确定的对应于,x,的值,5,、该射线将两个坐标轴的夹角分成两个相等的角,6,、我们关心的主要问题是当,n,无限增加时，一般项,(n),是否趋近于一个有限数,4.If is a given function and x is an element of its domain,then(x)represents the value assigned by for x.,5.,This ray divides/separates the angle made by two coordinate axes into two identical parts/angles.,6.The main question we are concerned,with/what we are concerned is whether the,general term(n)approaches a finite,number as n increases infinitely.,7,、我们将该集合的每一个元素都用一个正整数作下标，这使我们很方便的引用第一项，第二项，乃至更一般的第,n,项,8,、设有一质量为,m,的质点作直线运动。从速度等于零的时刻起，有一个与运动方向一致、大小与时间成正比（比例系数为,k1,）的力作用于它，此外还受一与速度成正比（比例系数为,k2),的阻力作用。求质点运动的速度与时间的函数关系,7.,We labeled each element of the set with a positive,integer as subscripts so that we may speak of the first,term,the second term,and,in general,the nth term.,8.A body with mass m moves along a straight line.A,force with a magnitude proportional to the time in the,direction of the motion and a resistance proportional,to the speed act on the moving body from the moment,when the velocity is zero.Express the velocity of the,body as the function of time.,9,、平面上的闭曲线当其上每一点到一个固定点的距离均相等时叫做圆。这个固定点称为圆心，经过圆心且其两个端点在圆周上的线段称为这个圆的直径，直径的一半叫半径。圆的长度叫周长,10,、我们给出了一个肿瘤生长的简单模型，此模型会得出肿瘤的实际形状。在处理有效放射肿瘤的问题时，用给定半径的不相交的球面包裹上肿瘤。基于这种脱壳方法建立了三个算法，算法可以给出最优的球面包。每一个球面包可以看作是治疗方案，对应的辐射剂量可以通过分析得到。,9.A plane closed curve is called a circle if,all points on it are equidistant from/to a fixed,point(which is)named the center.The line,segment through the center with endpoints,on the circle is called the diameter,the half,of which is radius.The circumference is the,length of a circle.,10.We discuss a simple model for tumor,growth,which results in realistic tumor,shapes.To deal with the efficient irradiation,n tumors,we package their volume with,dis-intersected spheres with given radii.Three algorithms,based on the shelling,method,are developed to give,recommendations for optimal sphere,package.These package are interpreted as,treatment plans,and the corresponding,radiation dosages are analyzed.,11,、最近几年，矩阵在数学和许多不同领域的应用以惊人的速度增加。矩阵理论在现代物理学中起着举足轻重的作用。解微分方程的问题离不开矩阵；特别在空气动力学（,aerodynamics),、压力及构造分析学方面，矩阵的方法得到很好的应用。心理研究最好用的数学方法即因素分析法也是矩阵方法广泛应用的学科。无论你的专业是什么，矩阵基础知识的掌握都会扩大你阅读理解的范围。,参考译文,In recent years the applications of matrices in mathematics and many diverse fields have increased with remarkable speed.The theory of Matrix takes a important role in the modern physics.It is impossible without Matrix theory to solve problems in applied differential equations;specifically,in the area of aerodynamics,stress and structure analysis.Factor Analysis in psychological studies is an application of Matrix which is considered as the most efficient mathematical methods.No matter what field you major in,the knowledge of rudiments of matrices is likely to broaden the range of literature that you can read with understanding.,翻译：,1,、我们提出了两个数学模型来协助系列杀人案的调查。模型将之前的犯罪地点和犯罪次序作为变量。与罪犯行为的无限种可能性相比，这些数据太少了，但至少有一件事可以肯定，就是罪犯会选择自己熟悉的环境作案以免被抓到。因此假设罪犯倾向于选择自己家附近或者以前作案过的地方下手，进一步假设下一个犯罪地点只和罪犯的住址、过去犯罪现场和时间有关。,第一个模型，“地理中心”模型建立在,LeBeau,的工作基础上，用与物理运动学相似的方法产生一系列犯罪现场重心的位置和移动趋势。我们用一段时间内重心位置的变化来预测将来的犯罪现场。,第二个模型，“理性系列罪犯”模型，是用微观经济学的一个方法，把罪犯看成是理性的经纪人。先分析之前犯罪现场的数据，再考虑罪犯喜欢和不喜欢的居住地点，推出下一次现场。,