船舶信号与VHF通信(第四章)-图文.ppt

第四章 船舶,VHF,无线电话通信,船舶信号与,VHF,通信,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,是指采用,MF,、,HF,、,VHF,水上专用频带进行船舶间、船与专用无线电话台间或经岸台和陆上通信话路转接的船与用户间的无线电话通信。,中频无线电话：,1605 4000kHz,之间的频带,（,2182k,）,高频无线电话：,4000 27500kHz,关于甚高频：,甚高频（,VHF,）频带，船岸电台间或船舶电台间的 近距离通信在,156174MHz,频段内以,25kHz,为间隔划分,59,个信道。,编号：,0128,，,6088,，,AIS1,和,AIS2,CH16,频道：,VHF,无线电话的国际遇险和安全频率,156.7625MHz156.8375MHz,频带内，禁止对,CH16,频道的传输干扰,海上无线电话及使用的频率,甚高频,(Very-High Frequency,，简称,VHF),通信是近海和内河水上无线电移动通信业务的主要手段之一，在国际电信联盟,(ITU),无线电规则,(Radio Regulation,，简称,RR),附录,18,中，划分了,VHF,水上移动业务频率，规定在这些频段内，给予水上移动通信业务优先使用权。同时，在,无线电规则,第,31,条和附录,15,中。对全球海上遇险和安全系统,(GMDSS),使用的频率进行了特别划分。,国际海事组织,(IMO),在,国际海上人命安全公约,(,简称,SOLAS,公约,)1988,修正案第,1V,章中明确要求公约船至少应配备能发送和接收的,VHF,无线电装置，“其应能从船舶通常驾驶的位置，在,70,频道,(156,525MHz),上启动遇险报警的发送；和在,6,频道,(156,300MHz,，船台与协调搜索救援的飞机通信,),、,13,频道,(156,650MHz船舶间航行安全通信,),和,16,频道,(156,800MHz),频率上的无线电话”。,倘若发射机功率不超过,1W,，,15,、,17,频道可用于船内通信。,船舶甚高频通信,(1),单工：,所谓单工方式是指通信双方交替进行发射的一种操作方式。如果收发频率相同，称为同频单工。如果收发频率不同，称为异频单工。船舶间通信只能工作在同频单工方式，即只能使用收发同频的单工频率。,(2),双工：,所谓双工方式是指通信双方同时进行收发操作的一种通信方式。双方在两个频率上工作，甲方的发射频率即为乙方的接收频率，乙方的发射频率即为甲方的接收频率，收发频率有一定的频率间隔，信息的传递在两个方面上同时进行。,VHF,船台和岸台间通信，或者是,VHF,船舶电台经,VHF,海岸电台转接到公众通信网上用户的通信可使用双工方式。,(3),半双工：指通信双方一方工作于单工方式，而另一方工作于双工方式的通信模式。,船与岸之间为港口工作或船舶动态业务而进行的通信，可以使用同频单工方式，也可使用半双工方式。船舶间的通信只能采用同频单工方式。如果岸台采用船用,VHF,只能使用同频单工方式与船通信。,船用,VHF,设备的工作方式,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,为规范和掌握,VHF,频段通信的正确使用方法，,IMO,在第,23,届海事大会全会上通过的,A,954(23),号决议对海上正确使用,VHF,频段进行通信的技术要求和程序进行了统一规范，并提请各成员国确保船舶,VHF,无线电设备操作人员充分知晓该决议内容，尤其应确保上述人员正确使用,VHF,频段实施遇险、紧急、安全和导航信息的传送。,海上无线电话及使用的频率,准备。,VHF,通信设备发射前应对通信内容做好充分考虑，必要时，提前准备纸质记录，以避免不必要的停顿而浪费宝贵的时间和信道资源。,收听。开始发射前应先收听以确保信道未被占用。避免对其它正常通信船舶和海岸电台造成干扰。,原则。应按照,无线电规则,的要求正确使用,VHF,设备。应避免以下情况的发生：,(1),当任意其它信道可用时，使用,16,频道进行遇险、紧急或者非常简要的安全通信以外的通信；,(2),使用港口引航作业信道进行与安全和引航无关的通信：,(3),非必要的发射，比如无关的或不必要的发出信号或者答复：,(4),无正确识别信息的发射；,(5),在信道条件很差的环境下强行占用某一信道；,(6),使用粗鲁无礼的语言。,重复。除非收信者提出特别要求，应避免字或词的重复发送。,降低功率。通信时，在获得满意效果的前提下，应尽可能使用最低的发射功率。,VHF,频段通信的技术要求,与岸台通信,与其他船台通信,呼叫,转换频道,拼读,称呼,值守,瞭望,二、特殊规定,156.8MHz,是国际遇险、紧急、安全通信和公共呼叫频率。用于遇险信号、呼叫和通信、还可以用于紧急信号、通信和安全通信；,在,156.8MHz,上的其它所有通信次数和时间应保持在最低限度，不得超过,1,分钟；,在,156.8MHz,上连续呼叫三次仍然没有收到他船的回答时，应停止呼叫，,3,分钟后再呼叫。,VHF,频段通信的技术要求,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,四大类：,1,、日常业务通信,2,、公众业务通信,3,、遇险、紧急与安全通信,4,、搜救作业通信,其中日常业务通信业务范围很广，是,VHF,无线电话通信的主要业务。包括：,（,1,）船舶抵达离开港口、靠离泊位、申请引航员；,（,2,）船舶避让；,（,3,）各种船舶代理业务；,（,4,）,VTS,水域报告。,VHF,信文内容的分类,种类：明语通信和码语通信,按照通信信文内容：,一、码语通信,二、明语通信,海上通信区别于岸上通信,IMO,为海上通信所做的努力的几个方面：,1,、,SNV,（标准航海词汇）和,SMCPS,（标准海事通信用语）,2,、明语通信的语言特点,3,、通信程序,4,、信文标记的使用,VHF,无线电话通信方法,码语通信是借助国际信号股则，事先将要发送的信文用两字母火三字母编辑好，用字母品读的形式发送出去。,VHF,码语通信方法,Alfa,Bravo,Charlie,Delta,Echo,Foxtrot,Golf,Hotel,India,Juliet,Kilo,Lima,Mike,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,Novembe,Oscar,Papa,Quebec,Romeo,Sierra,Tango,Uniform,Victor,Whiskey,X-ray,Yankee,Zulu,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,小数点,句 号,NADAZERO,UNAONE,BISSOTWO,TERRATHREE,KARTEFOUR,PANTAFIVE,SOXISIX,SETTESEVEN,OKTOEIGHT,NOVENINE,DECIMAL,STOP,DE,(Delta Echo)=this is,CQ,(Charlie Quebec):call all stations in the vicinity,but not more than 3 times at each call.,INTERCO or YU(Yankee,Uniform)indicates that thefollowing will use the international signal code message.,YZ,(Yankee Zulu)denotes that the following will use plain Language to transmit names of place and ship,etc.,AS,(Alfa Sierra)indicates the station called is unable to accept signal immediately,please await.,AR,(Alfa Romeo)indicates the end of a transmission.,If the transmission is to be repeated in total or in part.,the signal,“RPT”,(Romeo PaPa Tango)shall be used,supplemented if necessary by:“AA”(Alfa Alfa)=all after,；,“AB”(Alfa bravo)=all before,；,“BN”(bravo November)=all betweenand,；,“WA”(Whiskey Alfa)=word or group after,“WB”(Whiskey Bravo)=word or group before,通信程序符号,码语通信程序示例,VHF,码语通信程序特点：,（,1,）由呼叫、识别、信文传送和结束,4,个部分构成；,（,2,）呼叫和识别作为一个整体，且多次呼叫（与,VHF,明语同）；,（,3),信文发送部分，没有确认；广播通信各阶段不用确认。,明语通信要素的发送方法,a.Number,（数字）,:,为避免误听，数字要逐位读出。,小数点：,point,0,：,zero,。,Numbers are to be spoken in separate digits:,“One-five-zero”for 150,“Two decimal five”or“Two point five”for 25.,Note:Attention!when rudder angles,e.g.in wheel orders,are given,say:,“Fifteen”for 15,etc.,明语通信要素的发送方法,b.Time,（时间）,:,以,24,小时计，用四位数表示“时”与“分”；,数字前冠以“,time”,；,GMT:,世界时；,Local Time,：本地时间,Times should be expressed in the 24 hours UTC notation;if local time will be used in ports or harbors,it should clearly be stated.,Notes,:ETA=Expected(or estimated)Time of Arrival,ETD=Expected Time of Departure,ETCD=Expected Time of Completion of Discharging or,Expected Time of Commencing Discharging,ETB=Expected Time of Berthing,ETS=Expected Time of Sailing,明语通信要素的发送方法,c.Date,（日期）,:,一般按照常规的英语习惯表示；,为强调日期，按日、月、年的次序冠以“,day”,、,“month”,、,“year”,在数字,前。,Conventional expression.e.g.:your ETB is 0500 LT May 7.,In order to emphasize the date,in order of“day”“month”“year”,“day”,“month”“year”are preceded number.e.g.May7:to be read:day:zero,seven,month:zero five.,d.Course,（航向）,:,Course is always to be expressed in 360 degree notation from north(true north unless otherwise stated).,明语通信要素的发送方法,e.Speed,（速度）,:,To be expressed in knot:,without further notation,meaning speed through the water:or“ground speed”,meaning speed over the ground.,f.Bearing,（方位）,:,The bearing of a mark or vessel concerned is the bearing in the 360 degree notation from north true north unless otherwise stated,except in the case of relative bearing.Bearing may be either FROM the mark or FROM the vessel.,Example:Pilot boat is bearing 215 degrees from you.,Note:Vessels reporting their position should always quote their bearing FROM the mark.,Relative bearing:,明语通信要素的发送方法,Relative bearing can be expressed in degrees relative to the Vessels head.More frequently this is in relation to the port or starboard bow.,Example:Buoy 030 degrees on your port bow.,g.Distance,（距离）,:,To be expressed in nmiles,or cables(tenth of a nmile).,The unit always to be stated.,h.(ships)position,（船位）,:,When latitude and longitude are used,these shall be expressed in degrees and minutes(and decimals of a minute if necessary),North or South of the Equator and East or West of Greenwich.,Example:WARNING.Dangerous wreck in position 15 degrees 34 minutes north,，,061 degrees 29 minutes west.,明语通信要素的发送方法,When the position is related to a mark,the mark shall be a well-defined charted object.The bearing shall be in the 360 degrees notation from true north and shall be that of the position FROM the mark.,Example:Your position is bearing 137 degrees from Big Head Lighthouse distance 2.4 n miles.,Expression of navigation mark or reporting point(or line)as reference point:,Examples:My present position is northwest 2 miles from light vessel.,I am approaching Buoy101.,I am passing Reporting Line MN.,明语通信程序,示例（一）,Ship-to-shore communication,(ship station:Western Sky,shore station:Singapore Port Operations),Western sky:,Singapore Port Operations.Singapore Port Operations,this is Western sky,Nine-Victor-Alfa-Tango,on VHF channel one-two,over Singapore,Port Operations:,Western sky,Western sky,this is Singapore Port Operations,over.,Western sky:,Singapore Port Operations,this is Western sky.,INFORMATION,:My ETA position:East Pilot station,time is:one-three-four-five UTC,over.,Singapore Port Operations:,Western sky,this is Singapore Port Operations,mistake,time is:one-four-three-zero UTC now,over.,Western sky:,Singapore Port Operations,this is Western sky,correction my ETA is:one-five-four-five UTC.Over.,明语通信程序,示例（一）,Singapore Port Ops:,Western sky,this is Singapore Port Operations.,INFORMATION-RECEIVED:,your ETA position:East Pilot Station is time:one-five-four-five UTC.INSTRUCTION:anchor in the General Purpose Anchorage reason:your berth is occupied,over.,Western sky:,Singapore Port Operations,this is Western sky.,INSTRUCTON-RECEIVED:anchor in the General Purpose Anchorage-reason:your berth is occupied,over.,Singapore Port Ops:,Western sky,this is Singapore port Operations,out.,明语通信程序,示例（二）,Nippon Maru:,Gulf Trader,Gulf Trader,this is Nippon Maru,Juliet-Sierra-Alfa-Alfa;Nippon Maru,Juliet-Sierra-Alfa-Alfa,on VHF channel one-six,over.,Gulf Trader:,Nippon Maru,Juliet-Sierra-Alfa-Alfa,this is Gulf Trader,Alfa-Six-Zulu-Zulu,over.,Nippon Maru:,Gulf Trader,this is Nippon Maru,switch to VHF channel zero-six,over.,Gulf Trader:,Nippon Maru,this is Gulf Trader,agree VHF channel two-six,over.,Nippon Maru:,Gulf Trader,this is Nippon Maru,mistake,switch to VHF channel zero-six.I say again,switch to VHF channel zero-six,over.,Gulf Trader,:Nippon Maru,this is Gulf Trader,agree VHF channel zero-six,over.,Message Markers Answer,Instruction Instruction-Received,Advice Advice-Received,Warning Warning-Received,Information Information-Received,Question Answer,Answer Answer-Received,Request Request-Received,Intention Intention-Received,明语通信程序,信文标记的使用,Example:,Initial Call(on VHF CH.16),Attention all ships in the inner anchorage.Attention all ships in the inner anchorage,this is Inchon pilot station,this is Inchon pilot station.Navigational,information,change to VHF channel one-four,change to channel one-four,change to channel one-four,over.,Message Broadcast(on VHF CH.14),All ships in the inner anchorage,all ships in the inner anchorage this is Inchon pilot station,information:Inchon pilot service is suspended,reason:tropical storm.I say again,Inchon pilot service is suspended,reason:tropical storm,out.,明语通信程序,广播通信,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,GMDSS,系统船长遇险操作指南,GMDSS,系统船长遇险操作指南,国际电信联盟建议：,DSC,通信手段报警成功后，用与,DSC,报警同频带的电话进行遇险通信。,如：,VHF 70,频道,DSC VHF 16,频道进行遇险通信,MF,DSC,（,2187.5KHz,）,MF,单边带,SSB,电话（,2182KHz,）,当然也可以不用,DSC,，直接用,VHF,，,SSB,语音进行遇险报警。,GMDSS,遇险报警方法,（,1,）,Distress communication,（遇险通信）,The distress signal,MAYDAY,:to be used to announce a distress message.Distress communications applies when a ship or aircraft is threatened by grave and imminent danger,and requires immediate assistance.,（,2,）,Urgency communication,（紧急通信）,The urgency signal,PANPAN,:to be used to announce an urgency message.Urgency communication applies when the calling station has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a mobile unit or a person.,（,3,）,Safety communication,（安全通信）,The safety signal,SECURITE,:to be used to announce a safety message.Safety communication applies when the station sending it has a message to transmit containing an important navigational or meteorological warning.,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫首先使用明语，明语有困难，再使用码语。,使用码语之前，先发送,INTERCO,表明一下用码语发送。,遇险呼叫优先于紧急呼叫，紧急呼叫优先于安全呼叫。遇险、紧急呼叫须在船长或船舶负责人批准后才能进行；而安全呼叫可以不经船长或船舶负责人批准，由当班驾驶员可直接发出。,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫,1.,遇险呼叫,：遇险呼叫应该是普遍呼叫，不能针对某一个船台或岸台。,呼叫格式：,MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY,This is,遇险船名或呼号,(,三次,),。（,This is Name or Call sign or other identification of the distressed vessel(three times),）,MAYDAY,船位,遇险性质,需要救助的种类及其他有关救助的信息,Over,遇险呼叫,举例：船舶发生火灾,Example:,MAYDAY!MAYDAY!MAYDAY!,This is Asia Express,Asia Express,Asia Express,MAYDAY!Asia Express,Position:latitude one three degrees five minutes north,longitude one two four degrees one five minutes east.,I am on fire after explosion in hold,I require fire fighting assistance,smoke not toxic,over.,遇险呼叫举例,举例：,GMDSS,船舶发生火灾,Example:,MAYDAY!,This is Two-One-One-Two-Three-Nine-Six-Eight-Zero,motor vessel Birte,call sign Delta-Alfa-Mike-Kilo,position:six two degrees one one decimal eight minutes north,zero zero seven degrees four four minutes east.,I am on fire after explosion,I require fire fighting assistance,smoke not toxic,over.,遇险呼叫举例（,GMDSS,）,举例：遇险信号收妥承认,Example:MAYDAY Asia Express,Asia Express,Asia Express,this is Asia Angle,Asia Angle,Asia Angle,MAYDAY received.,遇险呼叫举例,举例：遇险呼叫转发,Example,：,MAYDAY Relay,MAYDAY Relay,MAYDAY Relay,this is Singapore Radio,Singapore Radio,Singapore Radio,following received from,motor vessel Asia express at time 1700 GMT:,position:latitude one three degrees five zero minutes north,longitude one two four degrees one five minutes east,I am on fire after explosion in hold，i require fire fighting assistance,smoke not toxic,over.,遇险呼叫举例,2.,紧急呼叫：,紧急信文，关系到一艘船舶、飞机或其它交通工具的安全或人员安全。呼叫是以“,PAN-PAN”,开头，“,PAN-PAN”,表示紧急，紧急呼叫可以是普通呼叫，也可以是针对某一个船台或岸台；紧急呼叫和紧急通信同时在,CH16,进行。,呼叫格式：,PAN-PAN PAN-PAN PAN-PAN,all stations(,三次,),This is,发送紧急信文的船名或呼号,(,三次,),紧急信文,Over,紧急呼叫,举例：紧急呼叫,Example,：,PAN-PAN PAN-PAN PAN-PAN,All stations All stations All stations,This is LUCKY LUCKY LUCKY,I have problem with my main engine,I require tug assistance.,Over.,紧急呼叫举例,3.,安全呼叫：,安全通信，表示与安全有关的信文，即呼叫台叫要发送有关航行安全的信文或重要的气象警告。呼叫是以“,SECURITE”,开头，“,SECURITE”,安全呼叫可以使普遍呼叫，也可以是针对某一地理区域的船舶呼叫或某一特定的船舶呼叫。,呼叫格式：,SECURITE SECURITE SECURITE,all station all station all station,，,This is,发送紧急信文的船名或呼号,安全信文,Over,安全呼叫,举例：安全呼叫,SECURITE SECURITE SECURITE,SECURITE,SECURITE,SECURITE,Attention all vessels,attention all vessels,attention all vessels.,This is Singapore Radio,Singapore Radio,Singapore Radio,Singapore Radio,navigational warning:,Vessel Asia express is aground in position two cables from Entrance Buoy of east fairway,please navigation with caution,out.,安全呼叫举例,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,搜救作业通信是否快速有效，对遇险人员能否及时获救有重大影响；搜救作业通信包括,搜救协调通信,和,现场通信,。,一、搜救组织（,SAR(Search and Rescue),1.,搜救区域划分,IMO,将全球海区划分为,13,个,搜救区域，个搜救海区的搜救组织有：,各沿岸国的搜救协调中心或分中心：,RCC(Rescue Co-ordination Center，),RSC(Rescue Sub-Center),SMC（SAR MISSION CO-ORDINATOR）,搜救现场指挥或海面搜寻协调船；,OSC(On-Scene Commander),CSS(surface search coordinator),由船舶、航空器组成的搜救力量；,搜救组织,我国：渤海全部；黄海,124E,以西；南海,14N,以北,中国海上搜救中心（,MRCC,）,负责搜救的统一组织、协调工作，日常工作由交通部海事局承担。,南、中、北部共设置三个专业救助打捞局，,20,个救助基地，,58,艘专业救助船舶，,3,个直升飞机场（大连、烟台、上海）。,美国、加拿大,-,海岸警备队,(Coast guard),日本,-,海上保安厅,(Maritime Safety Agency),澳大利亚,-,海上安全局,(Australia Maritime Safety Authority),搜救组织,SART,（,Search and Rescue Radar Transponde,）的作用：配合雷达，近距离发现幸存者的一种主要搜救手段。,是船舶必备的设备之一。,船舶到达出事地点附近时开启雷达以搜寻救生艇,SART,信号；,为能及时发现和正确识别,SART,信号，请选用雷达,612,海里量程。,搜救雷达应答器（,SART,）,书中示例,海上搜救通信示例,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,01,概述,02,正确选用,VHF,频道,03 VHF,无线电话通信,04,遇险、紧急、安全呼叫和通信,05,海上搜救作业通信,06,船舶间利用,VHF,协调避让通信,07,在,VTS,水域中的,VHF,无线电话通信,08 VHF,无线电话明语通信示例综合,第四章,chapter ,