高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意题解题策略及技巧点拨.doc

　　高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意题解题策略及技巧点拨
　　一、 考题探究
　　1. 开门见山，提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想， 即最常见的演绎法写作方式。
　　1) Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
　　2) Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive
　　分清main idea和supporting sentences
　　2. 首尾呼应
　　为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见。 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。
　　(首段)Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. “ she said…
　　(尾段)“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. Shu said.
　　3. 先表述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论，建议或结果, 以概括主题。 这是英语中常见的归纳法写作方式
　　1) Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.
　　2) A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.
　　4. 无主题句
　　即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
　　1) Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
　　What is the main idea of the passage?_______
　　A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
　　B. Bingham is a diligent student.
　　C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
　　D. A good lawyer needs good education.
　　【分析】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C
　　2) If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only $79 Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs $395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.
　　The paragraph could be entitled _______.
　　A. Buyer Beware
　　B. Closeout(出清存货) Sale
　　C. Crime Pays
　　D Buying a TV Set
　　【分析】 本段文字先从buy a television set这一具体事例入手，表述细节，详说过程，得出
　　“bait and switch”这一结论。通过解释结论，辨明内在逻辑，最后提醒人们要有careful consideration，也就是选项A。文章只是揭露销售中的一个伎俩并非出清存活，所以不选B和C;而D只是用于阐释结论的具体事例。
　　3) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).
　　The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower selfrespect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.
　　Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturdayafternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “paw graphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpow sky, public relations manager.
　　What is mainly discussed in the text?
　　A. Children’s reading difficulties
　　B. Advantages of raising dogs.
　　C. Service in a public library.
　　D. A special reading program.
　　【分析】 文章开篇说明用狗帮助孩子improve their literacy skills，提出it is the first program。在第二段借助专家观点说明阅读能力迟后对孩子造成的影响，从而阐明提高阅读能力的必要性，但是没有表明阅读的困难所在，所以A项不合适。文章在第三段以“ Dog Day Afternoon”实例说明The program was so successful，从而突出答案D。B和C都过于宽泛，片面。
　　二、 实例演练
　　(A)
　　PITTSBURGH–For most people, snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening. But Howie Choset sees in their delicate movements a way to save lives.
　　The 37yearold Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snakelike robots ，he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.
　　Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends, a Northboro, Mass.based company that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snakelike robots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn’t know of one that could climb pipes. 　The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick(操纵杆). They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos, commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.
　　Built from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller. They can sense which way is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added.
　　Sam Stover, a search term manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snaketype robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable roles.
　　“It just allows us to do something we’ve not been able to do before,” Stover said, “We needed them yesterday.”
　　He said sniffer dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged building.
　　Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath (后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster. Choset said the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding.
　　What is the text mainly about?
　　A. Snakelike robots used in industries.
　　B. Snakelike robots made to aid in rescues.
　　C. The development of snakelike robots.
　　D. The working principles of snakelike robots.
　　【分析】 答案：B。 该题是考查文章的主旨大意。文章的第一段只是引出这一话题，第二段才是本文的主题，第二段中提到Choest讲究 snakelike robots是因为he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies，由此可知，Choset 研究蛇形机器人的目的是为了在自然灾害或其他的紧急事故中起作用。
　　(B)
　　There are many famous museums throughout the world where people can enjoy art. Washington D.C., the US, has the National Gallery of Art arishas the Louver, London, the British Museum. Florida International University(FIU) in Miami, he US also shows art for visitors to see. And it does so without a building, or even a wall for its drawings and paintings.
　　FIU has opened what it says is the first computer art museum in the United States. You don’t have to visit the University to see the art. You just need a computer linked to a telephone.
　　You can call the telephone number of a university computer and connect your own computer to it. All of the art is stored in the school computer. It is computer art, produced electronically by artists on their own computers. In only a few minutes, your computer can receive and copy all the pictures and drawings.
　　Robert Shostak is director of the new computer museum. He says he started the museum because computer artists had no place to show their work.
　　A computer artist could record his pictures electronically and send the records, or floppy discs, to others to see on their computers. He could also put his pictures on paper, of course. But to print good pictures on paper, the computer artist needed an expensive laser printer.
　　Robert Shostak says the electronic museum is mainly for art or computer students in schools and universities. Many of the pictures in the museum are made by the students. Mr. Shostak said the FIU museum will make computer art more fun for computer artists because more people can see it. He says artists enjoy their work much more if they have an audience. And the great number of home computers in America could mean a huge audience for his electronic museum.
　　The main purpose of this text is to give information about _______.
　　A. famous museums throughout the world
　　B. an electronic art museum in Miami, U.S.A.
　　C. art exhibitions in Florida International University
　　D. latest development in computer art
　　【分析】 答案：B。命题意图：本题主要考查学生的归纳概括能力。本题错选C、D两项的学生较多，原因是只抓住了文章中的只言片语，而忽视了前两段文字在文中的作用及贯穿文章始终的museum一词。解题方法与技巧：(1) 通读全文，抓住每段文字的主旨大意，尤其是文章的前两段。第一段作者告诉我们全世界有许多著名的艺术博物馆;第二段主要讲Florida International University新开的电脑艺术博物馆。随后各段就这家博物馆的领导者及博物馆的运作做了说明。(2) 运用排除法，将较具干扰性的C、D两项排除掉。C项错误在于art exhibitions; D项中只讲电脑艺术的最新发展，与文章的前两段无法相符，也没有呼应贯穿文章始终的“art museum”。
　　(C)
　　Human language is a living thing. Each language has its own biological system, which makes it different from all other language. This system must constantly adjust to a new environment and new situation to survive and flourish.
　　When we think of human language this way, it is an easy step to see the words of a language as being like the cells of a living organism—they are constantly forming and dying and splitting into parts as time changes and the language adapts.
　　There are several specific processes by which new words are formed. Some words come into the language which sound like what they refer to. Words like buzz and dingdong are good examples of this process.
　　Still another way in which new words are formed is to use the name of a person or a place closely associated with that word’s meaning. The words sandwich and hamburger are examples of this wordformation process. The Earl of sandwich, an English aristocrat(贵族),was so fond of gambling at cards that he hated to be interrupted by the necessity of eating. He thus invented a new way of eating while he continued his game at the gambling table. This quick and convenient dish is what we now call a sandwich—a piece of meat between two slices of bread. The hamburger became the bestknown sandwich in the world after it was invented by a citizen of Hamburg in Germany.
　　As long as a language is alive, its cells will continue to change, forming new words and getting rid of the ones that no longer have any use.
　　The passage is mainly about _______.
　　A. the biological system of a living organism
　　B. the inventors of sandwich and hamburger
　　C. the development of human cells
　　D. the changes of a language
　　【分析】 答案：D。本题考查学生对主旨大意的把握。文章第一段首句Human language is a living thing已经表明语言是变化的。然后在第二段以生物体细胞的新陈代谢作类比来阐述观点。在三和四段中列举了语言变化的两种方式，在末段再次阐述语言要去旧纳新。首尾呼应，突出观点，即选项D。B项是作者用于说明语言变化的一种方式，用来概括主旨大意，显然犯了以偏概全的错误;C项人类细胞的发展是作者用来说明语言要发展的一种类比事物，并非本文所谈的重点。