英国文学选读复习资料.doc

Part I The Middle Age
Chapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）
2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration
② using metaphor and understatement
Chapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)
1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.
2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.
3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，他将自己的讽刺艺术和宽广视野展现的淋漓尽致，使该作品在16世纪前的英国独树一帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见。

Part II The Renaissance（文艺复兴）
1.时期：during the 16th century（1550---1642）
2.国家：Greek and Roman. Also England in drama.
3.定义：The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.
4.类型：drama and canto（诗章）.
5.key work: ① humanism --- admire human beauty and human achievement.
② Thomas More--- Utopia in 1516.
③ Francis Bacon--- the great English scientist and philosopher.
④ Christopher Marlowe--- the greatest of the pioneers of English drama

⑤ Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙·斯宾塞)----The Faerie Queene（仙后）
Chapter 5 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
1. He is the greatest of English authors, the world’s pre-eminent dramatist.
2. One of the first founders of realism.
3. A master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations.
4.四大悲剧: ①Hamlet ②Othello ③King Lear ④The Tragedy of Macbeth.
5.创作阶段: ①comedy:1590-1600②tragedy:1601-1608③tragicomedies:1609-1612
22年写了37plays,2 narrative poems,154sonnets.
6. Hamlet: It is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and criticism of contemporary world.
The character of Hamlet. 1. A humanist, free from prejudices and superstitions. Loving the world instead of the heaven. 2. Treat people with love. Disgusted with uncle’s drunkenness. Shocked by mother’s shallowness. 3. Intellectual genius. Close observer. “ Denmark is a prison”. 4. The melancholy of Hamlet—the key note of Hamlet’s character. He is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.
Contrast is an important structural principle in Hamlet. Shakespeare’s plays are generally well-organized, with harmony and order disbalanced at the beginning, social conflicts sharpened in the middle and harmony and order restored at the end. Themes: Hypocrisy, treachery of the royal court and of the society as a whole. Revenge theme (Justice by violence) Lack of faith v. love The doom of ambition The tragedy of Hamlet: An individual v. mighty evil force of the whole society
7. The merchant of Venice is not tragedy.
8. sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee(你) to a summer’s day?
①1-4起，5-8承，9-12转，13-14合.
②simile, rhetoric question, alliteration, personification, couplet(对偶).
③The message is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry.   Also notice the love play. Apparently the poet is addressing a man of his heart, the wooing sounds more like a game play than anything real and sincere. The love here is too conditional to be genuine.
④ Structure: Proposal (line1-2) Argument (line3-12) Conclusion (line13-14)
Chapter 6 Francis Bacon---essayist
1. Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes. The most important are the Essays.
① the philosophical---the advancement of learning
② the literary---essays
③ the professional works---maxims of the law and reading on the statute of uses.
2. The essays of Bacon are so highly esteemed.
3. ”Great Place” is the Bacon’s worldly—wise philosophy.
4. Of Studies’ main idea: ①the text is that of 1;.652 editions.
②uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
5. writing style: brevity, compactness, powerfulness, well-arranged.

Part III The period of Revolution and Restoration（资产阶级革命与王政复辟）
1.The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous(动荡)periods in England.
2.文学特点：①The Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to breaking up of old ideas.
② In the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism there was nothing to prevent the exaggeration of the “metaphysical” poets(玄学派)。Poetry took new and startling form. After that prose became somber(忧郁). John Milton---the indomitable Puritan spirit found its noblest expression.(约翰·弥尔顿充分体现了清教徒不屈不挠的精神)
③ Restoration(王政复辟) created a literature of its own, which was often witty(机敏) and clever, but on the whole immoral(颓废) and cynical(愤世嫉俗). The most popular work was comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats(贵族). John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.
Chapter 8 John Milton
1.Paradise Lost presents the author’s view in an allegoric religious form(宗教讽喻的形式)，and readers will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure(揭露) of reactionary(反革命) forces of his time and the passionate appeal for freedom.
2.It consists twelve books. It is marked for its intricate(结构复杂) and contradictory composition.

Part IV The Age of Enlightenment(启蒙运动)---prose（散文时代）
背景： 1.The Revolution of 1688, marked the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England. They have two parties: the liberal Wigs(自由派辉格党) and the conservative Tories(保守派托利党).
2.The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie(资产阶级) against feudalism(封建主义). The enlighteners fought against class inequality(阶级不平等)，stagnation(停滞)，prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.
3.The enlighteners repudiate(颠覆) the false religious doctrines about the viciousness(邪恶) of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved(腐败), it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
流派：the reign of so –called Classicism(古典主义)、the revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、the beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说).
主要人物：①Alexander Pope, his contribution to the theory and practice of prosody: elaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works(精心设计诗歌格式) and made popular the heroic couplets(英雄双韵体诗歌)---five foot iambics rhymed in couplets(五步抑扬格对偶句)
②Daniel Defoe----Robinson Crusoe(1719), it was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.
③Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet-----the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel.
④Samuel Richardson--Pamela--The method of psychological analysis( 心理分析的方法)
⑤Jonathan Swift-----the most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England. He ruthlessly exposed the dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois relationships.
⑥The middle of the 18th century in England came a new literary current--sentimentalism
⑦The latter half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism(前浪漫主义). It had a reaction against the Enlightenment, mostly in “Gothic novel”(哥特式小说)
⑧The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel, it is so replete with bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called “ a novel of horrors”.
Chapter 10 Daniel Defoe
1.He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.(开创了现代派小说的先河)
2.Robinson Crusoe---head the list of modern fiction---an adventure story.
3.60岁因鲁滨逊漂流记走红。
4.works: ①Captain Singleton, Duncan Campbell, Memoirs of a Cavalier---1720
②Colonel Jack, Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year(amazing realistic) ---1722
③The Political History of the Devil---1726
Chapter 11 Jonathan Swift
1. the tale of a tub(木桶的故事) and Gulliver’s Travels(格列弗游记)----the greatest satires in the English language.
2. the tale of a tub---a satire on the various churches of the day. 1704 published with The Battle of the Books(书战)。
3. Gulliver’s Travels---comprise the extraordinary adventures of Doctor Gulliver. Also has fantastic lands visited by him, their social systems, ways and customs of their inhabitants.
4.The features of this book: no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.(怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态.)
5.A Modest Proposal--- is made to English government to relieve the poverty of Irish people. The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlord(地主) (强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫.)书p189
Chapter 13 Henry Fielding
1. He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
2. Jonathan Wild (1743) ---the story of a rogue which suggested Defoe’s narrative
The History of Tom Jones a Founding (1749) ---his best work
Amelia (1751) ---a story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.
Part V The Romantic Period
With the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads （《抒情歌谣集》）(1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge（S·T·柯勒律治） .Romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.
It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution（工业革命）and the French Revolution（法国大革命）
It was amid these social conflicts that Romanticism arose as a main literary trend ,which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads and ended with Walter Scott’s death(1832).（浪漫主义作为一股新的主流文学潮流兴起，并在1798-1832年间进入兴盛时期。1798年华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》的出版标志着浪漫主义文学的开始，1832年沃尔特·司各特的去世则标志着浪漫主义文学的中介）
Chapter 19 William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth (1770—1850)威廉·华兹华斯
1.his life：His love for nature is boundless. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment（体现） of the Divine（神圣的） Spirit. He believes the God and universe are identical.
2,his work: Most works are about nature and country life.
Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey《延腾寺》
It is a meditation思考 on his mental grownup.
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way《她住在人际罕见的路边》：悼亡露西
I Travelled among Unknown Men《我在陌生人中孤独旅行》
I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵孤独的流云》： it’sabout the beauty of nature. There is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.
Sonnet :Composed upon Westminster Bridge,September 3,1802《在西敏寺桥上》
Sonnet :London 1802《伦敦，一八〇二年》
The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。
Chapter 20 George Gordon ,Lord Byron
George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦爵士（1788-1824）
His works：
When We Two Parted 《想从前我们俩分手》

She Walks in Beauty 《她走在美的光彩中》
Sonnet on Chillon 《咏锡雍》
Childe Harold’s pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
Don Juan 《唐·璜》
Chapter 21 Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)珀西·比希·雪莱
He was rebellious（反抗的）from a very young age. He was a person of extreme personality. He wrote about the universe, lark（宇宙） sky.
His works:
Ozymandias 《奥西曼迪亚斯》
A Song: “Man of England” 《给英格兰人的歌》
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
If Winter comes ,can Spring be far behind?（如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？）
The cloud 《云》
To a Sky-Lark《致云雀》
Chapter 22 John Keats
John Keats约翰·济慈（1795—1821）
His works:
On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初读查普曼译荷马诗有感》
Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》
Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》
To Autumn 《秋颂》
Bright Star《灿烂的星》
Chapter 24 Jane Austen
Jane Austen（1775-1817）简·奥斯丁
Jane Austen completed six novel, Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》, Sense and sensibility《理智和情感》, Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》 ,Mansfield Park(1814)《曼斯菲尔德公园》, Emma《爱玛》, and Persuasion(1818)《劝导》.
课文节选 ：Pride and Prejudice
This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. Mr. Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and rashly（轻率地）, is skeptical（怀疑的） of conventional（常规的） marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish（粗俗的）and vulgar（庸俗的）woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.
☆翻译题：It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going direct the other way--in short,the period was so far like the present period,that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received,for good or for evil,in the superlative degree of comparison only.
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代；那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们全都在直奔天堂，我们全都在直奔相反的方向--简而言之，那时跟现在非常相象，某些最喧嚣的权威坚持要用形容词的最高级来形容它。说它好，是最高级的；说它不好，也是最高级的。