新编简明英语语言学教程chapter1Introduction.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Linguistics,-Lecturer:,陈润瑶,The Goals for this Course,To get a scientific view on language,To understand some basic theories on linguistics.,To understand the applications of the linguistic theories,especially in the field of language teaching&learning,cross-cultural communication,etc.,To prepare for future research.,Text Books,戴炜栋，何兆熊主编,.,新编简明英语语言学教程,，上海外语教育出版社,Reference Books,胡壮麟主编,.,语言学教程,，北京大学出版社，,2013,，第四版（中文版）,刘润清，,西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社，,1995,索绪尔，,普通语言学教程,，商务印书馆,Something students need to know,Duration of this course,Ways to study this course,Final test,Duration of this course,There are 2 teaching hours per week for about 17 weeks in one semester and we are going to cover at least 10 chapters.,Ways to study this course,(1)You are kindly required to attend every class and you need to take notes.,(2)We are not going to deal with each section.You are required to read important sections in the book.,Ways to study this course,(3)It is advisable to understand linguistic theories,ideas or notions through examples instead of memorizing word by word without comprehension.,(4)Please review regularly what you have learned after class,and do additional exercises to strengthen the knowledge in your mind.,Final test,(1)Final Exam 70%,(2)Class attendance and participation 30%,Chapter One,Introduction,1.1 What is Linguistics?,Linguistics,is the,scientific,study of,language,.,language-studying object,scientific-studying method,A person who studies linguistics is known as,linguist.,studying object,-language,e.g.a.What is language,？,b.How does language work?,c.What do all languages have in common?,d.To what extent are social class differences reflected in language?,studying object,-language,e.,在神圣而美好的结婚典礼上，新郎对新娘庄严宣告,“,我爱你,”,。很显然，这里的,“,我,”,和,“你,”,分别指的是新郎和新娘，在这样的场景下，我们会觉得这样的告白很浪漫很温馨。,在恐怖片中，一个变态狂对被他绑架的女受害人说：,“,我爱你,”,。,Women have more teeth than men.,Female students have more talent than male students in learning.,studying method,-scientific,Observe and collect language facts.,Generalization,Formulate some hypotheses,Check repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.,studying method,-scientific,女生做完头发,甲：呀，你理发了！乙：是呀，今天我男朋友来了。甲：真漂亮！乙：还可以吧，我不是很满意。甲：相当不错，你留这种头发就很好看，我就不行了。乙：不是呀，你可以试试的。甲：我不行，我的脸太圆。乙：说得也是，你为什么不试试瘦脸霜呢？挺好使。甲：我试过了，也不行呀。乙：那你用用,的，听说效果还是不错的。甲：那个牌子的小丽用过了，没什么效果的。乙：小丽的脸型多漂亮呀！还用瘦脸霜干什么呀！,Example:,甲：就是呀，我觉得她长得多漂亮呀！特别像,。乙：哦，对了。听说,拍了一部新电视剧，你看了吗？甲：我也听说了，不过一直没找到什么地方能下载呀。怎么？你下了？乙：没有，不过男朋友给我带来了。甲：你看看，你男朋友对你多好。我男朋友能有他一半就好了。乙：你男朋友也不错的，那次你感冒了看把他忙的！甲：什么呀！我感冒还不是因为他！要不是陪他去买电影票能感冒吗？乙：哦，那次你们看的什么电影？甲：是,，没意思。不过主演,还是很帅的。乙：,？哦，就是演,的那个吧！甲：就是了，他其实演技一般，就是那双眼睛特别迷人。,Example:,乙：嗯，发型也很好的。我做头发的时候看到有个人 也做的那个发型。甲：是吗？你在哪里做的？那个发型很难的，我让我男朋友也做一个！乙：我在,发屋做的。甲：哦，就是,边上那一家吧！乙：是呀。那里有个男生可帅了，就是他会！甲：你说的是长得像,的那个吧！乙：嗯！甲：我也注意他好久了，没想到手艺这么好。乙：呀，我男朋友已经到了半天了，我下去接他了。甲：好吧。拜拜。乙：拜拜。,Example:,男生做完头发,:,甲：呀，剃头了？乙：呵呵，剃了。甲：真,“,瓜,”,。乙：滚！,Example:,1.1.2 The Scope of Linguistics,Phonetics,语音学,Phonology,音系学,Morphology,词汇学,Syntax,句法学,Semantics,语义学,Pragmatics,语音学,1.1.2 The Scope of Linguistics,Sociolinguistics,社会语言学,Psycholinguistics,心理语言学,Applied linguistics,应用语言学,1.1.3 Some important distinctions of linguistics,Descriptive vs.prescriptive,Synchronic vs.diachronic,Langue vs.parole,Competence vs.performance,Prescriptive vs.Descriptive,Dont say X.,People dont say X.,The first is a prescriptive command,while the second is a descriptive statement.,The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.,Prescriptive vs.Descriptive,Prescriptive:,to lay down rules for,“,correct and standard,”,behavior in using language.(modern linguistics),Descriptive:,to describe and analyze the language people actually use.(traditional grammar),Prescriptive vs.Descriptive,The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.,Synchronic vs.Diachronic,Synchronic,：,the description of a language at some point of time in history(modern linguistics).,Diachronic,:the description of a language as it changes through time(historical development of language over a period of time),Synchronic vs.Diachronic,初则喜正义之伸张，乐法律得施行，不屑媚俗，安于清贫。久矣疲命于杂务，掣肘各情形，荒于教子，未尽孝心,世界那么大，我想去看看,.,diachronic,synchronic,Speech vs.Writing,Speech,:primary medium of language,Writing,:later developed,Langue vs.Parole(Saussure),Langue,:the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.,Parole,:the realization of langue in actual use.,Competence vs.Performance(Chomsky),Competence,:the ideal user,s knowledge of the rules of his language.,Performance,:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.,Traditional grammar vs.Modern linguistics,Traditional grammar:,prescriptive,written,Latin-based framework,Modern linguistics:,descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based framework,1.2 What is language?,A tool for communication?,A set of rules?,Sapir,s definition(1921),Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols,Hall,s definition(1968),Language is,“,the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols,”,Chomsky,s definition(1957),From now on I will consider language to be a set of(finite or infinite)sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.,”,What is language?,Our understanding and definition:,Language is a,system,of,arbitrary,vocal,symbols,used for,human communication,.,How do you understand the underlined words?,A system,-elements of language are combined according to rules.They cannot be arranged at will.,e.g.He the table cleaned.(),The child the street alone crossed.(),bkli()xbo(),Arbitrary,-there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.,Different language have different words for the same object.,椅,-chair,；桌,-table;,玫瑰,-rose,People might call a rose something else.,Symbols,-words are just the symbols associated with objects,actions,and ideas by convention.,Namely,people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.,Vocal-,-the primary medium for all languages is sound.,Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.,Children acquire spoken language before they can read or write,Human,-language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.,“,Language Acquisition Device,”,(LAD),Design features of language,A question for you to consider:,What makes our language advantageous over animal languages?e.g.the singing of the birds,the dancing of the bees,the bark of the dogs,Arbitrariness,任意性,-no logic(intrinsic)connection between meanings and sounds(symbols),At lexical level:,词汇层面,A rose by any other name would smell as sweet(Shakespeares,Romeo and Juliet,1594),Arbitrariness,任意性,onomatopoeic words:,bang,crash,wow,Compound words:,photocopy,at the syntactic level,句子层面,language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.,(a)He came in and sat down.,(b)He sat down and came in.,(c)He sat down after he came in.,Arbitrariness,任意性,Productivity/Creativity,创造性,Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.,Words can be used in new ways to mean new things;,the word,cool,to denote,very good,excellent or fashionable,Productivity/Creativity,创造性,People can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences they have never heard before.,A red-eyed elephant danced on the bed in the hotel room.,Duality,双重性,Lower level:sound(meaningless),Higher level:meaning(larger units of meaning),We can make a dictionary of words,but we can,t make a dictionary of sentences of the language.,Displacement,移位性,language can be used to refer to things which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.,Displacement,Animal communication is normally under,“,immediate stimulus control,”,.,Human language is stimulus-free.What we are talking about need not be triggered by any external stimulus in the world or any internal state.,Cultural transmission,文化传承,Language is culturally transmitted(through teaching and learning;rather than by instinct),Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.,The origin of languages,The,“,bow-wow,”,theory,（摹声说）,The,“,pooh-pooh,”,theory,（感叹说）,The,“,yo-he-ho,”,theory,（哼哊声说）,The Origin of language,The,Divine,origin:,“,In the beginning was the,Word,and the Word was with,God,and the Word was God.,”,(Gospel,John 1:1),太初有道，道与神同在道就是神。,约翰福音,1,：,1,“,And the Lord said,Behold,the people is one,and they have all one language;and this they begin to do;and now nothing will be restrained from them,which they have imagined to do.,”,(Genesis,11:6),The whole earth had one language and was of one speech.As they migrated from the east,it happened that they found a plain in the land of Shinar,and they settled there.They said one to another,Come,lets make bricksand bake them thoroughly.,They used bricks for stone,and asphalt for mortar.They said,Come,let us build ourselves a city,and a tower whose top reaches the sky.Let us make a name for ourselves,so that we are not scattered across the face of the earth.,Yahweh came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of mankind were building.,Yahweh said,Look!They are one people,and they all have one language,and this is what they begin to do.,Now nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them!,Come,let us go down there and confuse their language,so that they cannot understand each others speech.,From there Yahweh scattered them abroad across the face of the earth.,And they stopped building the city.,That is why it was called Babel,because there Yahweh confused the language of all the earth.From there,Yahweh scattered them abroad across face of the earth.,Functions of language,Informative,Interpersonal,Performative,Emotive,Phatic communion,Recreational,Metalingual,Informative,（信息功能）,People use language to record facts and express thoughts.,For example:,a speaker/writer:supply information,a listener/reader:receive information,Interpersonal function,（人际功能）,People use language to establish and maintain status in a society and have different communicative roles.,For example:,The ways people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.,Dear Sir,Dear Professor,sincerely yours;Johnny,Which sentence do you use if you speak politely?,Would you please pass me the salt?,Pass me the salt.,I need some salt.,I have been waiting for a long time.,You must stop using it.It is my turn.,Performative,（施为功能）,This function of language is to change the social status of persons.,For example:,I apologize.(In the process of speaking the sentence,the speaker has already carried out the act of saying sorry to the listener.),I advice you to give up smoking.(In the process of speaking the sentence,the speaker has already carried out the act of giving advice.),Performative function,The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.,I now declare the meeting open.,I bet you two pounds it will rain tomorrow.,I,now,pronounce,you,husband,and,wife.,岁岁平安,The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.,Performative function,Emotive function,（感情功能）,It is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for/against sth.or sb.,For example:,My goodness!(surprise),Dame it!(dislike or hatred),What a sight!(appreciation and like),Wow,Ugh,Ow(surprise,sympathy),It is also discussed under the term expressive function.The expressive function can often be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.,For example,a man may say,Ouch!,after striking a fingernail with a hammer,or he may mutter,Damn,when realizing that he has forgotten an appointment.,Phatic communion,交际性谈话,Phatic communion refers to the social interaction of language,originating from Malinowskis study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.For example,Mrs.P sneezes violently.,Mrs.Q:,Bless you.,Mrs.P:,Thank you.,Phatic communion,交际性谈话,Some seemingly meaningless expressions are used to maintain good personal relations.,Ritual exchanges about health,weather,etc.,For example:,Good morning.God bless you.,Nice day.Good luck.,Nice to meet you.,Recreational function,（娱乐功能）,The use of language for the sheer joy,For example:,Entertainment program,Recreational function,（娱乐功能）,Verbal duelings:one person begins a few lines and challenges his opponent to continue the content or provide a rejoinder in a similar rhythm and rhyme scheme.,Children,s nursery rhymes;,Poetry writing:the pleasure of using,language for its sheer beauty;,Metalingual function,（元功能）,Language is used to make clear the meaning of language itself.,For example:,Book(a word),a set of printed pages that are fastened inside a cover so that you can turn them and read them,