英美文学期末考试.pdf

名词解释名词解释 1、英国浪漫主义（、英国浪漫主义（England Romanticism）A movement that flourished in literature,philosophy,music,and art in western culture during most of the 19th century,beginning as revolt against classicism.Romanticism gave primary concern to passion emotion,and natural beauty.The English Romantic Period is an age of poetry.2.英雄双行体（英雄双行体（Heroic Couplet）Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter,often containing a complete though.There is a fairly heavy at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second.Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line,or between the two lines.It is called heroic because in England,especially in the eighteenth century,it was much used for heroic(epic)poems.3.超验主义（超验主义（Transcendentalism）In New England,an intellectual movement known transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism.The movement began among an influential set authors based in Concord,Massachusetts,and was led Ralph Waldo Emerson.Like Romanticism,transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion,which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular.Instead,the transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world.The transcendentalists found their chief source of aspiration in nature.4.迷茫的一代（迷茫的一代（Lost Generation）The Lost Generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and artists of the years following the First World War,who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or cynical hedonism.5.启蒙运动（启蒙运动（Enlightenment Movement）The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement,which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time.It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.7.无韵体无韵体 blank verse This term,which was first brought into England by Surrey,is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.8.三一律三一律 The Three Unities The Three Unities,formulated by Renaissance dramatists,are the unities of time,place and action.A play should have no scenes irrelevant to the action,should not cover more than twenty-four hours,and should not cover more than one locale.6.自由体自由体 free verse It is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventional rules of meter.9.现代主义现代主义 Modernism Modernism was a complex and diverse international,movement in all creative arts,originating about the end of the 19th century.It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century.It was made up of many facts,such as symbolism surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.10.英国文艺复兴英国文艺复兴 Renaissance The term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century.It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe.The Renaissance,therefore,in essence,is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe.英国文学英国文学 1.Beowulf:a national epic 2.The Renaissance(原因原因)：(1)rediscoveries of ancient Greek and Roman culture.(2)discoveries in geography and astrology.(3)Religious reformation and economic expansion.3.William Shakespeare 四大悲剧：四大悲剧：Hamlet Othello Macbeth King Lear 喜剧喜剧：The Merchant of Venice:It is a comedy dramatic ironic to Christian.17 世纪：世纪：4.John Milton(约翰约翰 弥尔顿弥尔顿)Paradise Lost blank verse(无韵体诗无韵体诗)5.John Bunyan(约翰约翰 班扬班扬)The Pilgrims Progress（天路历程）：让人遵（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。“Vanity Fair”是其中最富盛名的。”是其中最富盛名的。18 世纪：世纪：6.Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔丹尼尔 笛福笛福)Robinson Crusoe:描述的是“真实的生活”描述的是“真实的生活”，反映社会现实。反映社会现实。7.Jonathan Swift(乔纳森乔纳森 斯威夫特斯威夫特)Gullivers Travels反对，讽刺英国的反对，讽刺英国的社会。社会。8.William Blake(威廉威廉 布莱克布莱克)：浪漫主义起始：浪漫主义起始 London from Songs of Experience：消极、低调：消极、低调 Songs of Innocence：乐观、热情：乐观、热情 浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期 9.William Wordsworth:He ushered in the English Romantic Movement with the population of“Lyrical Ballads”抒情歌谣集抒情歌谣集 成就：成就：advocate to used everyday language use of humble and rustic life advocate expression of spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 10.George Gordon,Lord Byron(乔治乔治 戈登戈登 拜伦拜伦)Don Juan(唐璜唐璜)Childe Harolds Pilgrimage（恰尔德（恰尔德 哈罗尔德游哈罗尔德游记）记）11.Percy Bysshe Shelley(铂西铂西 比希比希 雪莱雪莱)Ode to the West Wind The Cloud 12.John KeatsOde to a Nightingale(夜莺颂夜莺颂)13.Jane Austen(简简 奥斯汀奥斯汀)Pride and Prejudice(傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见)主题：主题：The title of this novel reveals the novelists concern:if making good relationship is our main task in life,we must first have good judgment.According to Jane Austen,our first impressions are usually wrong,as is shown her by that of Elizabeth.维多利亚时期维多利亚时期 14.Charles Dickens(查尔斯查尔斯 狄更斯狄更斯)Tale of Two Cities(双城记双城记)Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿雾都孤儿)史诗的散文史诗的散文 15.William Makepeace Thackeray(威廉威廉 梅克匹斯梅克匹斯 萨克雷萨克雷)Vanity Fair 16.Charlotte Bronte&Emily Bronte(夏洛蒂夏洛蒂 勃朗特勃朗特&艾蜜莉艾蜜莉 勃朗特勃朗特)Charlotte BronteJane Eyre：第一次写家庭女教师：第一次写家庭女教师 Emily BronteWuthering Heights 17.Robert Browning(罗伯特罗伯特 布朗宁布朗宁)丈夫丈夫 dramatic monologues 戏剧独白戏剧独白 Elizabeth Barrett Browning妻子妻子 From Sonnets from the Portuguese:写给她丈夫写给她丈夫 20 世纪世纪 18.Thomas Hardy(托马斯托马斯 哈代哈代)Nostalgia 怀乡情调，他以自己家乡怀乡情调，他以自己家乡 Wessex 为背景为背景 Tess of the DUrbervilles 19.Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡奥斯卡 伍尔德伍尔德)：被认为同性恋而入狱：被认为同性恋而入狱The Picture of Dorian Gray:唯一的一部小说唯一的一部小说 20.George Bernard Shaw(萧伯纳萧伯纳)Greatest dramatist since Shakespeare,主要关主要关注社会问题，注社会问题，discussion plays 21.D.H.Lawrence(劳伦斯劳伦斯)第一部白孔雀第一部白孔雀 The White Peapock Sons and Lovers:第一部自由体，利用心理分析第一部自由体，利用心理分析 美国文学美国文学 1.Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加埃德加爱伦爱伦坡坡to Helen The Raven乌鸦乌鸦 2.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫拉尔夫沃尔多沃尔多爱默生爱默生 超验主义超验主义（transcendentalist）3.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔纳撒尼尔霍桑红字霍桑红字The Scarlet Letter 4.Walt Whitman 沃尔特沃尔特惠特曼惠特曼Song of Myself 5.Emily Dickinson 艾米丽艾米丽迪金森迪金森I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-19c 女诗女诗人人 Her themes include love,nature,friendshipA Bird came down the Walk-6.Mark Twain 马克吐温马克吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索亚历险记汤姆索亚历险记The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利哈克贝利芬历险记芬历险记 7.Jack London 杰克杰克伦敦伦敦Martin Eden自传体小说自传体小说The Sea Wolf 8.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多西奥多德莱赛德莱赛Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹嘉莉妹妹 9.Ezra Pound 埃兹拉埃兹拉庞德庞德 The father of Imagist Poetry 意象派诗歌之父意象派诗歌之父 10.Robert Frost 罗伯特罗伯特弗罗斯特弗罗斯特The Road Not Taken Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 11.Thomas Stearns Eliot T.S.艾略特艾略特The Waste Land荒原荒原 12.F.Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西弗朗西斯哥特斯哥特菲茨杰拉尔德菲茨杰拉尔德The Great Gatsby了不了不起的盖茨比起的盖茨比 13.John Steinbeck 约翰约翰斯提贝克斯提贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄愤怒的葡萄 14.William Faulkner 威廉威廉福克纳福克纳 stream of consciousness 意识流意识流A Rose for Emily献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰 一一 I heard a Fly buzz when I died 作者：作者：Emily Dickinson 主题：主题：the theme of the poem is the exploration of death.The poet thought that death was inevitable,painless and natural and asserted that death meant eternity because people wound get another living after they have passed it.二二 The road not Taken 作者：作者：Robert Frost 主题：主题：The poet is expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty.(1)It is a meditative poem,in the poem the speaker tell us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon two roads that diverged in a wood.Forced to choose,he“took the one less traveled by,and that has made all the difference”(2)Here the poem means that his choice of the course of life is different from that of others.(3)In this simple but profound poem Frost tries to show the importance of choosing a correct way of life.三三 Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening 作者：作者：Robert Frost 主题：主题：The poet expresses a complicated feeling about mingling with the beauty and quiet natural and the responsibility which the opeaker bears in the real world.四：四：Song of Myself 作者：作者：Walt Whitman 主题：主题：In song of myself,Whitmans own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America,and he sets forth the principal beliefs of both the theory of universality and singularity and equality of an being in value.五五 Sonnet 18 作者：作者：William Shakespeare 主题：主题：not only appreciate the beloved woman;but also eulogize the power of artistic creation 几行：十四行诗几行：十四行诗 fourteen lines 押韵形式：押韵形式：abab cdcd efef gg 几个音部：几个音部：five foots 赏析：赏析：Sonnet 18 The poem is a sonnet which use the form of”abab cdcd efef gg”as rhyme.One and three lines end with/ei/;two and four lines end with/eit/;five and seven lines and with/aiz/;six and eight lines end with/imd/;nine and eleven lines end with/eid/;ten and twelve lines end with/ust/;thirteen and fourteen lines end with/i/.Each line have five foot.For example:the first line:Shall I compare thee to a summers day”.”Shall I”、”compare”、”thee to”、”a sum”、”mers day”are the five foot.In each foot the former syllable need lighten and the latter need stress.The poem contains two themes:first to appreciate has friend beauty;second to eulogize the power of artistic creation.西风颂西风颂（Ode to the West Wind）In the poem,the autumn wind,becomes an image of Shelley himself as he wants to be,in its freedom,its destructive constructive potential,its universality.The whole poem has a logic of feeling,that leads to the triumphant,hopeful and convincing conclusion.”If winter comes,can spring be far behind?”Which brought us a hopeful,optimistic attitude to the coming future.傲慢与偏见傲慢与偏见(pride and prejudice)The title of the novel Pride and Prejudice reveals the novelists concern:if making good relationship is our main task in life,we must first have good judgment.Our first impressions,according to Jane Austen,are usually wrong,as is shown here by that of Elizabeth.In the process of judging others,Elizabeth finds out absurd about herself:her blindness,partiality,prejudice and absurdity.At the same time,Darcy too learns about other people and himself.In the end,false,prejudice is humbled and prejudice dissolved.儿子与情人儿子与情人(sons and lovers)Its D.H.Lawrences Semi-autographical novelthe most popular one of his works.t tells the story of a coal miners family with the third son Paul as the central character.he thread of story evolved around Pauls love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother.Lawrence focused on the psychological development of its character.Mainly described sex and lust.论述题论述题 1.Roughly speaking,Shakespeares literary career can be divided into three periods.What are the three periods?And what are his major works in each period?莎士比亚创作分为哪几个时期，各时期代表作莎士比亚创作分为哪几个时期，各时期代表作 Shakespeares literary works can be divided into three periods:the first one from 1590 to 1600,the second from 1601 to 1608,and the third from 1609 to 1612.In the first period,optimism prevails in most of the works,which include histories,comedies,and poems.In them,he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters.He sang of their youth,love and ideals of happiness.His histories include Richard III,Henry IV,Henry V,ect.Comedies include The Merchant of Venice,Much Ado about Nothing,Twelfth Night,ect.And all his poems,154 sonnets and two long poems,The Rape of Lurece and Venus and Adonis,are written in this period,too.In the second period,Shakespeares optimism wanes and a strong touch of pessimism marks most of the works,which reveal the society to be an evil one.The famous four tragedies of his age are all complete in this period,which include Hamlet,Othello,Macbeth,and King Lear.The works in the third period are mainly tragicomedies and romances:Cymbeline,The Winters tale,The Tempest,ect.2.What is the Shakespeares literary achievement 莎士比亚的文学成就主要表现莎士比亚的文学成就主要表现在哪几个方面在哪几个方面(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is“to hold,as it were,the mirror up to nature”.In his work,he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch.Besides,his plays have good plots and life-like characters too.His drama is an expression,a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.(2)Shakespeare is a prolific writer.Within 22 years,he produced 37 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems.He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy,tragedy,and historical plays.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms:the song,the sonnet,the couplet,and the dramatic blank verse.And he is a great master of the English language.He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writers.Many of his new coinage and turns of expressions have become everyday usage in English life.Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance,and one of the greatest writers the world over.3.What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaws plays 萧伯纳的戏剧特点萧伯纳的戏剧特点(1)Structurally and thematically,Shaw followed the great traditions of realism.He took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.(2)One feature of Shaws characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.Another feature is that Shaws characters are the representatives of ideas，points of view，that shift and alter during the play，for Mr.Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines.(3)Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.The inversion,a device found in Shaw from beginning to end,is an integral part of an interpretation of life.(4)Shaws plays have plots，but they do not work by plots.The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long,unbroken conversation.It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story.Action is reduced to a minimum,while the dialogue and the interplay of the characters maintain the interest of the audience.The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.4.What are the stylistic features of Hemingways novels 海明威小说的文体特点海明威小说的文体特点(1)Hemingways novels are mainly concerned with“tough”people,known for the Hemingway hero of athletic prowess and masculinity and unyielding heroism,whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society.In the general situation of his novels,life is but a losing battle;however,it is also a struggle man can demonstrate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.(2)Typical of this“iceberg”analogy is Hemingways style:Hemingways economical writing style often seems simple,but his method is calculated.In his writing,Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action,using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely.By doing so he avoided descri