新概念第一册Lesson83-84知识点及拓展.doc

Lesson 83-84
Going on holiday
CAROL: Hello, Sam. Come in.
TOM: Hi, Sam. We’re having lunch.
Do you want to have lunch with us?
SAM: No, thank you. Tom. I’ve already had lunch.
I had lunch at half past twelve.
CAROL: Have a cup of coffee then.
SAM: I’ve just had a cup, thank you.
I had one after my lunch.
TOM: Let’s go into the living room, Carol.
We can have our coffee there.
CAROL: Excuse the mess, Sam. This room’s very untidy.
We’re packing our suitcases.
We’re going to leave tomorrow.
Tom and I are going to have a holiday.
SAM: Aren’t you lucky!
TOM: When are you going to have a holiday, Sam?
SAM: I don’t know. I’ve already had my holiday this year.
CAROL: Where did you go?
SAM: I stayed at home!

1. Hello, Sam. Come in.
--come in 祈使句，表示请求或命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句中主语you常不出现，谓语动词用原形。
2. Hi, Sam. We' re having lunch. Do you want to have lunch with us?
--We' re having lunch.现在进行时，表示目前正进行的动作。
--have lunch 吃午饭
--want to do 想要做…
--I want to have a bath. 我想要洗澡。
--with 和某人（某物）在一起
--I live with my parents. 我和我的父母住在一起。
--I am with my family now. 我现在和我的家人在一起
3.I’ve already had lunch.
现在完成时
We use the present perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.
Please note that British and American English have different rules for the use of this tense. The explanation and exercises here refer to British English. In American English, it is often acceptable to use the past simple in some of these examples.
We can use it to look back on the recent past.
· I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
· They have cancelled the meeting.
· She's taken my copy. I don't have one.
· The sales team has doubled its turnover.
When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).
· We've already talked about that.
· She hasn't arrived yet.
· I've just done it.
· They've already met.
· Have you spoken to him yet?
· Have they got back to you yet?
It can also be used to look back on the more distant past.
· We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years.
· She's done this type of project many times before.
· We've mentioned it to them on several occasions over the last six months.
· They've often talked about it in the past.
When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.
· Have you ever been to Argentina?
· Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
· I've never met Jim and Sally.
· We've never considered investing in Mexico.
总结：
适用范围：回顾过去的某个动作
1）对现在产生的结果和影响的某个过去发生的动作（表示在过去不确定的时间里发生的并与现在有着某种联系的动作）。
2）从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能继续延续下去的动作或状态（表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作）。

句子结构：
主语 + have/ has + 动词的过去分词（have/ has是助动词）
否定形式：haven' t (have not)/ hasn' t (has not)
疑问句：把助动词have/ has 放在句首。

过去分词：（动词的５种形式：原形，单三式，过去式，现在分词，过去分词）
1） 规则变化：跟过去式一样，
a.在词尾加ed；
b.结尾是重读闭音节，且是１元音＋１辅音，双写辅音加ed;
c.以e结尾的，加d
d.辅音＋y结尾的，变y为i加ed
原形　　　　过去式　　　　过去分词
-wait waited waited
-regret regretted regretted
-type typed typed
-fly flied flied
-empty emptied emptied
2) 不规则变化ＡＢＢ（过去分词与不规则动词的过去式的形式相同）
原形　　　　　　过去式　　　　过去分词
-make made made
-find found found
-spend spent spent
3)不规则变化ＡＢＣ（过去分词与过去式不一样）
原形　　　　　　　过去式　　　　　过去分词
-take took taken
-speak spoke spoken
-sing sang sung
4)不规则变化ＡＡＡ（过去分词，过去式，与动词原形一样）
cut cut cut
put put put
let let let

新概念第一册不规则动词汇总：
AAA
cut-cut-cut put-put–put set-set-set
shut-shut-shut read-read-read
ABB
get-got-got have-had-had
send-sent-sent make-made-made
tell-told-told hear-heard-heard
leave-left-left lose-lost-lost
meet-met-met sweep-swept-swept
find- found-found buy-bought-bought
understand-understood-understood
ABC
go-went-gone come-came-come
do-did-done see-saw-seen
take-took-taken give-gave-given
eat-ate-eaten speak-spoke-spoken
swim-swam-swum

与现在完成时连用的时间状语：注意下列词与现在完成时常用
用于肯定句
疑问、否定句
介词
already
just
never
once
yet
just
ever

since+过去某时间点
for+时间段
before...
till/until...
注意下列词不使用现在完成时态：
1. 表示过去时态的时间状语：in 1998，yesterday，three years ago，last week
2. When... 不用于现在完成时
3. still adv.还，仍然，一般不用于完成时态。
强调：现在完成时不与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, ago, last...

--already 己经，一般用于肯定句中，在表惊讶语气时也用于疑问句中，放在助动词之后，被修饰词之前
He has already come here.
Has he come here yet?
如果already变疑问句或否定句的话一般改为yet。

--yet “仍，还”，常用于否定句和疑问句,通常放于句末，问句翻译成”已经”、否定句翻译成“还”。与already配对。
Have you done your housework yet?
I haven’t done my housework yet.

--just adv.有多种含义，意为“刚刚，刚才”常用于现在完成时，也用于一般过去时。
I have just finished this movie.
The rain just stopped.

--never　 adv. 从未,决不,只用于肯定句，放在助动词之后，被修饰词之前,never有不同时态的变化：
I’ve never been to Beijing.
Hawaii never snows.
I shall never forget you.
--ever adv.曾经
never与ever相反，ever只用于否定或疑问句，放在助动词之后，被修饰词之前
Has he ever been Paris?
He had never been Paris.
ever有不同时态的变化，用于否定语气的的陈述句或否定句：
We hardly ever go out at night. 我们晚上几乎从不出去。
Do you ever wish you were rich? 你曾希望过自己很富吗?
It is colder than ever today. 今天比以往更冷。
He studies as hard as ever. 他仍像以前一样用功。
If you ever visit London, you must come and stay with us. 你要是到伦敦来，一定要到我们这里住住。
--once 曾经，可代替ever。
He has once come to China many times.

--for ... 持续…时间　
I have worked in the company for two years.

--since 自从…
Her parents have lived in China since 1985. 自从1985年，他的父母就住在中国了。（“住”这个动作发生在过去，但它并没有结束持续到现在或将来）
--recently /lately 最近
Have you been there lately?
I have seen him quite recently.
--so far 迄今为止，到目前为止
So far I haven't heard of anybody like him

现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
1.一般过去时强调过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
2. 现在完成时表达在过去不确定的时间所发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。这个动作也许到现在己经结束，也许还要继续下去。
--I had my breakfast at 8:00 this morning.　我今天早上8：00吃的早饭。（过去的时间今天早8：00吃饭这个动作发生了，强调某个时间发生某个动作）
--I have had my breakfast. 我己经吃过早饭了。（过去不确定的时间里，发生某个动作，对现在的影响，即吃早饭的动作发生在过去什么时候，对现在的影响是我己经饱了或我不想再吃饭了。）
--He bought a new skirt last week. 他上周买了一条裙子。（强调上周的某个时间发生了买裙子的这个动 作）
--He has bought a new skirt. 他己买了一条新裙子。（强调现在己经有新裙子。）
--They lived in that city last year. 他们去年住在那个城市里。（这个动作己经结束了，他们现在不住在那个城市里。）
--They have lived in that city for 10 years. 他们己经住在那个城市里面10年了。（住这个动作未结束，现在依然住在那个城市）
--She saw the film with her family last night. 她昨晚和她的家人看了这部电影。（强调昨晚看电影这个行为。）
--She has seen the film with her family. 她和她的家人己经看过这部电影了。（看电影这个动作发生在过去某个时间，对现在的影响是他们己经知道这部电影的剧情了。）
一般现在时，过去时与现在完成时的比较
--He does his homework everyday. 他每天都做作业。（强调习惯性动作）
--He did his homework yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上做作业了。（强调昨天晚上这个 特定时间发生了做作业的这个动作。）
--He has done his homework.他己经做完作业。（强调现在的结果是他己经完成作业了。）
--Mother prepares dinner for us every day. 母亲每天都为我们准备晚餐。（习惯性动作）
--Mother prepared dinner for us yesterday evening. 母亲昨晚为我们准备晚餐了。（强调昨天晚上的特定时间发生的动作。）
--Mother has prepared dinner for us. 母亲己经做晚饭了。（强调现在的结果是饭己经做好了，可以吃了。）

4. Let' s go into the living room, Carol. We can have our coffee there.
--Let' s go … 祈使句　　Let' s 是Let us 的缩写。
--go into 走进　反义词是go out of
--have our coffee喝咖啡（have = drink）
5. Excuse the mess, Sam. This room' s very untidy.
--Excuse the mess . 房间很乱，请原谅
mess
--1) n. 杂乱或乱的状态（通常用单数）
　--This kitchen' s a mess! 厨房杂乱无章。
--You' ve made a mess of the job. 你把工作搞得一团糟。
　--Get cleaned up! You two are a mess! 收拾一下吧！你们俩可真邋遢！
2）v. 弄脏，弄乱
--Don' t mess my hair. 别弄乱我的头发。
--messy adj. 凌乱的　　a messy room
--tidy adj. 整洁的 反义词 untidy 乱的
6. We' re packing our suitcases.
--pack v. 包装，打包，装箱
--All these books need to be packed into the boxes.所有这些书都需要打包到那些箱子里。
--suitcase n. 手提箱
--pack the suitcase 整理行囊
--pack one' s suitcase 收拾衣箱
--suitcase 手提箱（尤指装衣服的）
7. We’re going to leave tomorrow.
Tom and I are going to have a holiday.
--are going to 表示“打算”、“准备”
leave
1) v. 离开
--It' s time for us to leave.
--leave a place for another place
--离开….动身去….
--The plane leaves Guangzhou for Shanghai at 12:35.
--飞机于12时35分自广州飞往上海
2）让某事（某物）处于某种状态(leave +adj.)
--leave the door open, please.
3)忘带某物
--I left my umbrella on the bus.
4) n. 假期
--sick leave 病假
--already adv. 己经
--The teacher was already in the classroom when I arrived. 当我到达的时候，老师己经在教室里了。
--She had already left when I phoned. 我打电话时她早走了。--leave… for…. 离开…去…
--leave London for Paris. 离开伦敦去巴黎。
--leave for… 动身去….
--I am going to leave for Canada. 我要动身去加拿大。
8. Aren' t you lucky!

否定疑问句：否定疑问句可以表示说话者惊异的情绪，责难的口吻或赞叹;也可以表示说话者的某种建议、邀请、请求或看法等。
--Aren' t you a student? 难道你不是学生吗？
--Isn' t it hot here? 这里难道不热吗？
--Can' t you wait a moment? 你不能等一会吗？
--Haven' t I asked you? 难道我没问过你吗？
--Don' t you want to stay with us ? 你难道不愿意与我们呆在一起吗？
--Didn' t you see him yesterday? 难道你昨天没看见他吗？

否定疑问句的回答：
用简略回答;
如果答语是肯定的，就用yes;
如果答语是否定的，就用no.
不过，这种答语的汉语译法有特殊之处。
--Don' t you know English? 你不懂英语吧？
--Yes, I do. 不，我懂。

练习：将下列句子变为一般疑问句，写出每句的时态，并用色笔在原句上标注出时间标志词。
1. I've already had lunch.
2. They've just arrived.
3. She stayed at home
4. I've already had my holiday this year.
5.He had lunch at half past twelve.
6. We've already talked about that.
7. I've just done it.
8. The rain just stopped.
9. He has already come here.
10. They've already bought some coffee.