机械电子专业英语翻译.doc

Quality Control Fundamentals质量控制基本原理
Quality质量
Quality has become one of the most important consumer decision factors in the selection among competing products and services. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consumer is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, a bank or financial institution, or a military defense program. Consequently, understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness. There is a substantial return on investment from improved quality and from successfully employing quality as an integral part of overall business strategy.
质量是消费者在激烈的产品和服务竞争中进行选择的一个重要因素.不管这个消费者是个人、产业组织、零售店或防务工程,这个想象是普遍存在的.因此,关注并提升质量是取得成功、发展并强化竞争力的关键因素.投资质量的提升并把质量作为经营策略的主要部分将会得到极大地回报.
We may define quality in many ways. Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting point, we will give a more precise and useful definition.
我们对质量有很多种定义.许多人在观念上把质量理解为产品或服务拥有一个或更多满意的性能.尽管这种概念性理解是有效地,我们将给出更精确、有效地定义.
Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.
质量-特性或性能中包含几种明确定义的技术的美学的,因此主观考虑；满足设计（顾客）需求.
Quality control------detecting poor quality (nonconformance) in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate it.
质量控制-检测在工业产品中检测不合格的质量（不合格品）并采取纠正措施去避免.
The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.
传统的质量定义是产品或服务必须满足使用者的需求.因此,质量就是适用度
There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.
适用度一般有两个方面:设计质量和一致性的质量。
Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or levels of quality that are intentionally determined by design. All goods and services are produced in various grades or levels of quality. These variations in grades or levels of quality are intentional, and, consequently, the appropriate technical term is quality of design.
设计意图的质量指的是设计中故意设计的各种等级或质量等级。所有的商品和服务都是在不同的等级或质量等级中产生的。这些变化的等级或质量水平是故意的，因此，适当的技术术语称之为设计质量。
Quality of conformance refers to how well the product conforms to specifications required by design.
产品质量的一致性是指如何符合规范设计的要求。
Quality of conformance is influenced by a number of factors, including the choice of manufacturing processes, the training and supervision of the workforce, the types of process controls, tests, and inspection activities that are employed, the extent to which these procedures are followed, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality.
一致性质量受到很多因素的影响,包括生产流程的选择、员工的培训和监督，所采用的过程控制,测试,和检查活动的类型,这些程序被遵循的程度 ,激励员工来实现质量。
Unfortunately, this definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design. This is in part due to the lack of formal education most designers and engineers receive in quality engineering methodology. This also leads to much less focus on the customer and more of a “conformance-to-specifications” approach to quality, regardless of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually “fit-foruse” by the customer. Also, there is still a widespread belief that quality is a problem that can be dealt with solely in manufacturing, or that the only way quality can be improved is by “gold-plating” the product.
不幸的是,相对于设计，这个定义更多的关于质量的一致性。这部分是由于大多数设计师和工程师缺乏质量工程方法的正规教育。这也导致更少地关注客户和更多关注质量与规格一致, 无论产品，即使生产标准，实际上是“适合使用”的客户。同时,普遍仍认为,在生产制造中质量问题完全可以解决, 或者唯一的可以提高质的方式是给产品“镀金”。
We prefer a modern definition of quality: Quality is inversely proportional to variability. Note that this definition implies that if variability in the important characteristics of a product decreases, the quality of the product increases. As an example of the operational effectiveness of this definition, a few years ago, one of the automobile companies in the United States performed a comparative study of a transmission that was manufactured in a domestic plant and by a Japanese supplier.
我们倾向于质量的现代定义:质量与变化成反比。请注意,这个定义意味着如果产品的重要特征的变化减少,产品的质量就会提高。举一个这个定义的操作效益的例子,几年前, 美国的一个汽车公司进行了一个在国内工厂制造过程的传输和由日本供应商制造过程的传输的比较研究。
An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a striking difference between the two sources of production, with the Japanese-produced transmission having much lower costs, as shown in Fig. 5.1. As part of the study to discover the cause of this difference in cost and performance, the company selected random samples of transmissions from each plant, disassembled them, and measured several critical quality characteristics.
保修索赔和维修费用的分析表明，两者的生产有着显着的区别，如图5.1所示，日本制造的运输成本很低。这项研究的一部分是发现成本和表现中这种差异的原因，公司从每个工厂随机选择抽样，拆卸样本，并测量了几个关键的质量特性。
Figure 5.2 is generally representative of the results of this study. Note that the distribution of the critical characteristics for the transmissions manufactured in the United States takes up about 75% of the width of the specifications, implying that very few nonconforming units would be produced. In fact, the plant was producing at a quality level that was quite good, based on the generally accepted view of quality within the company. However, the Japanese plant produced transmissions for which the same critical characteristics take up only about 25% of the specification band. As a result, there is considerably less variability in the critical quality characteristics of the Japanese-built transmissions in comparison to those built in the United States.
图5.2通常是这项研究的结果的代表。注意的是美国生产传输的临界特征的分布 占宽度规格的75%左右,这意味着不相容的产品很少。事实上, 根据公司内部的质量标准， 工厂生产的质量水平很好,然而,日本工厂的生产传输的相同的临界特征规范只占用约25%的规格带。因此,日本建立的生产传输中的关键质量特征的变化要比美国的少很多。
There are two obvious questions here: Why did the Japanese do this? How did they do this? The answer to the “why” question is obvious from examination of Fig. 5.1. Reduced variability has directly translated into lower costs。Furthermore, the Japanese-built transmissions shifted gears more smoothly, ran more quietly, and were generally perceived by the customer as superior to those built domestically. Fewer repairs and warranty claims means less rework and the reduction of wasted time, effort, and money. Thus, quality truly is inversely proportional to variability.
How did the Japanese do this? The answer lies in the systematic and effective use of the methods described in this text.
这里有两个明显的问题:为什么日本人这样做呢?他们是如何做到这一点呢? 再看图5.1， “为什么”的问题的答案是显而易见的。减少的变化直接转化为低成本。此外,日本造的变速齿轮更顺畅,更安静，客户通常认为日本的变速齿轮要比国内的好。更少的维修和保修索赔意味着很少的返工,节约时间 ,精力,和金钱。因此,质量真的是与变化成反比。日本人是怎么做的呢?答案就在于系统和有效地使用本文中描述的方法。
Dimensions of Quality质量维度
The quality of a product can be described and evaluated in several ways. It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality. Garvin provides an excellent discussion of eight components or dimensions of quality. We summarize his key points concerning these dimensions of quality as follows:
一个产品的质量可以用几种方法来描述和评价。区分这些不同维度的质量往往是很重要的。加文 对于质量的八种要素做了一个很好的讨论。我们总结了他的关键点，这些尺寸的质量如下：
Performance –product does intended job
表现—产品满足特定功能
Reliability—product is available
可靠性----产品是可用的
Durability—product lasts for a reasonable time
持久性---产品能使用一个合理的时间
Serviceability—product is easy to repair/service
维护性---产品维修维护方便
Aesthetics—product has acceptable/appealing appearance
美观---产品具有可接受或吸引人的外观
Features—product has capabilities beyond basic performance
功能性---产品具有超越基本功能的功能
Perceived Quality—product & company have good reputation; measured by customer loyalty
感知质量—产品和公司在消费者中具有良好的声誉。
Conformance to Standards—product made consistent with designer intent (and consistent with industry & national standards)
标准一致--制造的产品符合设计师的意图（并符合行业和国家标准）。
Quality Improvement质量的提升
Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products. Excessive variability in process performance often results in waste. For example, consider the wasted money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs represented in Figure 5.1. Therefore, an alternate and frequently very useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.
质量改进是减少过程和产品中的变化。过程性能的过度变化往往导致浪费。例如，图5.1所反映的维修中浪费的金钱，时间和精力。因此，一个替代的，通常是非常有用的定义是，质量改进是减少浪费。
Implementing quality improvement: management must
实施质量改进：管理
Evaluate dimensions of quality as they pertain to their business objectives (assuming the objectives are defined);
评估质量维度与他们的业务目标（假设定义了目标）；
Think strategically about quality;战略性地考虑质量；
Recognize critical role of suppliers in quality management strategies; 认识到供应商在质量管理战略中的重要作用；
Recognize that everyone in the organization is responsible for quality;认识到组织中的每个人都对质量富有责任；
Recognize that statistical quality control techniques communicate both problems & solution;
认识到统计质量控制技术，沟通问题和解决方案；
Implement effective quality improvement programs tailored to their business; 针对他们的业务实施有效的质量改进方案；
Total quality management; 全面质量管理；
Quality improvement benefits—business growth; enhanced competition; cost reduction; reduced product liability; improved productivity.
质量改进的效益----业务增长；增强竞争；降低成本；减少产品债务；提高生产率。
Quality Engineering Terminology质量工程术语
Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the user or consumer thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called quality characteristics.
Quality characteristics –- Physical; Sensory; Time Orientation; can be attributes or variable.
每个产品都有许多描述用户或消费者心目中的质量的要素。这些参数通常被称为质量特性。
品质特性–身体；感官；时间方向；可以是属性或变量。
Quality engineering—the set of operational, managerial and engineering activities used to ensure that quality characteristics of a product are at nominal or the required levels. 质量工程---一套确保产品的质量特性是在名义或所需的水平操作，管理和工程活动。
Statistical methods—applied to measurements for product’s quality characteristics, they are usually the result of the engineering design process for the product.
统计方法---用于测量产品的质量特性,通常是产品的工程设计过程的结果。
Quality measurement---compare measured value to nominal or target value for characteristic; values bounded by allowable limits, namely, upper specification limit (USL) and low specification limit (LSL) (determined by design engineer); values outside limits are considered to be nonconforming, hence, product is defective.
质量测量——将质量的测量值与真值相比较，特征值被范围所限制，即规范上限(USL)和规范下极限(LSL)(由设计工程师决定);特征值外部限制被认为是不一致的,因此,产品是有缺陷的。
Concurrent engineering ---multi-disciplinary, team-based approach to design (early in design process). 并行工程---多学科，以团队为基础的设计方法（多在早期的设计过程）。
History of Quality Methodology质量方法学史
Quality always has been an integral part of virtually all products and services. However, our awareness of its importance and the introduction of formal methods for quality control and improvement have been an evolutionary development. Table 5.1 presents a timeline of some the important milestones in this evolutionary process.
质量几乎一直是所有产品和服务的一个组成部分。然而，我们意识到它的重要性，并介绍了正式的质量控制和改进的方法，一直是一个进化的发展。表5.1给出了一些在这个进化过程中的重要里程碑的时间线。
A Timeline of Quality Methods质量测量方法的时间线
1700—1900 Quality was largely determined by the efforts of an individual craftsman. Eli Whitney introduces standardized, interchangeable parts to simplify assembly.
质量在很大程度上取决于个人的努力。伊莱·惠特尼介绍标准化，可互换的零件以简化装配。1875 Frederick W. Taylor introduces principles of Scientific Management；division of labor &work standards; improved productivity.
1875年弗雷德里克·W·泰勒 介绍了科学管理的原则；劳动分工和劳动标准；提高生产率。
1900–1930 Henry Ford—the assembly line—further refinement of work methods to improve productivity and quality; Ford developed mistake-proof assembly concepts, self-checking, and in-process inspection.
亨利福特的装配线进一步细化工作方法以提高生产率和质量；福特开发的防误装配的概念，自我检查和中间验收，
1924 Walter. A. Shewhart introduces the control chart concept in a Bell Laboratories technical memorandum.
沃尔特在贝尔实验室的技术备忘录介绍了控制图的概念。
1928 Acceptance sampling methodology is developed and refined by H. F. Dodge and H. G. Roming at Bell Labs.
H. F.道奇和H. G.漫游在贝尔实验室开发和总结了验收抽样方法。
1940 The U.S. War Department publishes a guide for using control charts to analyze process data. 美国战争部出版了一份使用控制图来分析处理数据指南。
1946 ASQC formed to promote use of quality improvement methods for products & service.
建立美国质量控制协会以促进使用产品与服务质量改进方法。
1946–1949 Deming is invited to japan by the Economic and Scientific Services Section of the U.S. War Department to help occupation forces in rebuilding Japanese industry. He was invited to give statistical quality control seminars to Japanese industry.
戴明被美国国防部的经济和科学服务部邀请到日本帮助占领军重建日本工业。他被邀请给日本工业的统计质量控制开研讨会。
1951 Dr.A. V. Feigenbaum publishes the first edition of his book, Total Quality Control. G.E.P.Box & Wilson published work on designed experiments & process optimization methods.
在1951年，费根鲍姆博士出版了他的第一本书---全面质量控制。威尔逊发明了工作流程优化设计和在线实验的方法。
1960s Courses in statistical quality control become widespread in industrial engineering academic programs. Zero defects (ZD) programs are introduced in certain U.S. industries.
在20世纪60年代的统计质量控制的广泛的课程成为工业工程学术课程。零缺陷（ZD）计划被美国工业产业引进。
1989 Motorola’s six-sigma initiative began.
摩托罗拉开始倡议六西格玛。
1990s ISO 9000 certification activities increase in U.S. industry; applicants for the Baldrige award grow steadily; many states sponsor quality awards based on the Baldrige criteria.
上世纪90年代，在美国工业行业，ISO 9000认证活动增加；对波多里奇奖的申请稳步增长；许多国家赞助基于波多里奇标准的质量奖。
1995 Many undergraduate engineering programs require formal courses in statistical techniques, focusing on basic methods for process characterization and improvement.
许多本科工程项目需要专注于过程特性和改进的基本方法
统计技术的正式课程。
1997 Motorola’s six-sigma approach spreads to other industries.
1997年，摩托罗拉的六西格玛方法扩展到其他行业。
1998 The American Societies for Quality Control becomes the American Society for quality, attempting to indicate the broader aspects of the quality improvement field.
1998年，美国质量控制协会成为美国质量学会，其试图表明更广泛的质量改善领域。
Statistical Methods统计方法
Statistical process control (SPC): use control charts to reduce variability & maintain measure of process quality within acceptable limits, namely, upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL).
统计过程控制（SPC）：使用控制图来减少变化及维持质量测量在可接受的范围内，即控制上限（UCL）和控制下限（LCL）。
Statistically designed experiment: used to discover key variables that influence quality characteristics of interest; systematically vary process controllable input factors to determine their effects on output product parameters.
统计学设计的实验：用于发现影响质量特性的关键变量，系统变化的过程可控的输入因素，以确定其对输出产品参数的影响。
Process modeling: captures the relationship between input and output variable of process; statistical such as regression or time-series analyses, also, neural network techniques, used to determine the nature &magnitude of adjustments required to bring process back into control.
过程建模：捕捉过程中的输入和输出变量之间的关系；统计，如回归或时间序列分析，神经网络技术，用于确定控制过程中所需调整的性质和幅度。
Acceptance sampling: inspection & classification of sampled units, selected at random, from larger batch of product (lot) for the purpose of determining disposition of lot; decision may be to accept, reject, or rework lot; emphasizes conformance