跨文化交际英文版.doc

1. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.
2. Culture: The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
3. Acculturations: occurs when a society undergoes drastic culture change under the influence of a more dominant culture and society with which it has come in contact.
4. Intercultural communication: It is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
5. co-culture: when talking about groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.
6. Language is an organized, generally agreed on, learned symbol system used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.
7. Perception: the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and information to create a meaningful picture of the world.
8. Value: is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another.
9. Culture patterns: refers to both the conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceive and think about the world, and the manner in which they live that world.
10. Collectivism: is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.
11. Masculinity: is the extent to which the dominant values in a society are male oriented and associated with ambitions, differentiated sex roles, achievements, acquisition of money and signs of manliness.
12. A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the massage. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.
13. Context: the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of that event.
14. World view is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.
15. Argot is a more or less private vocabulary peculiar to a co-cultural group, and a group must have an argot if it is to be considered a co-culture.
16. Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
17. A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and processes information.
18. Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a group of people.
19. Culture shock: when we are thrust into another culture and experience psychological and physical discomfort from this contact we have become victims of culture shock.
20. Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s culture is primary to all explanations of reality.
21. Seven characteristics of culture affect communication: learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, integrated, ethnocentric, adaptive.
22. Belief: our conviction in the truth of something. Learned and subject to cultural interpretation and cultural diversity.
23. Individualism: refers to the doctrine, spelled out in detail by the seventeenth. The single most important pattern in the US.
24. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions: four parts: individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.
25. Culture differs in their attitudes toward: individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and femininity, human nature, the perception of nature, time, activity, relationships, context, formality and informality, assertiveness and interpersonal harmony.
26. Religious Similarities: sacred writings, authority, traditional rituals, speculation, ethics.
27. Five religious orientations: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism.
28. the family we are born into the family of orientation and take a spouse the family of procreation.
29. problems of translation and equivalence：vocabulary or lexical equivalence, idiomatic and slang equivalence, grammatical-syntactical equivalence, experiential-cultural equivalence, conceptual equivalence.
30. The use of argot reflects a co-culture’s need to have a language that permits them to 1.share membership,2. participate in their social and cultural communities,3. identify themselves and their place in the universe, 4. communicate with one another about their own social realities.
31. Functions of communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, contradicting.
32. The study of how movement communicates is called kinesics. Kinesic cues are those visible body shifts and movements that can send messages about 1.our attitude toward the other person 2. our emotional state 3. our desire to control our environment.
33. Eyes serve six communication functions: 1. indicates degree of attentiveness, interest, and arousal 2. help intiate and sustain intimate relationships 3. influence attitude change and persuasion 4. regulate interaction 5. communicate emotions 6. define power and status relationships 7. assume a central role in impression management.
34. kinds of vocalizations: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, vocal segregates.