英语高考7选5阅读之解题技巧.doc

2018届高考英语专题复习之
七选五阅读答题指导
刘勇
题型解读
试题模式为：给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。 “主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和框架结构以及语篇中段际及句际逻辑意义的衔接的理解和掌握。”命题依据是《英语课程标准》提出的“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求。这种题型以指导性或描述性说明文居多，这两种文体的结构层次都比较清晰完整，逻辑严密，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以达到考查学生综合阅读能力的要求。

短文特征（说明文）
u 全文或者各段落，一般为“总分”或者“总--分--总”结构，有主题段和主题句，交代本文和本段的中心思想，然后再展开或讨论这个主题。
u 全文层次分明，条理清晰，逻辑严密，在语篇结构上通常使用明显的语言和格式标记，便于理解。
u 指导性说明文中常有 ways, methods, skills, techniques, suggestions, tips, steps, how(to do sth)等标志性词汇。每个建议或方法一般单独成段，或常有“●”等标记。

主要考点
u 主旨大意题：选出段落小标题或主题句。
u 句际关系题：正确选项与上下文之间主要有解释例证、转折对比、因果、递进、顺承或顺序、并列排比、概括归纳等逻辑关系。此为考察的重点。

设空或选项特点
u 设空处通常是完整的句子，但也有可能是并列分句或从句，甚至是逗号隔开的短语（通常是状语）。七个选项都与短文有关，多为完整的句子，句型不一，长短不同，七个备选项通常由短到长排列。
u 设空的位置可在段首，段中或段尾。
u 正确的选项通常有三种：主旨概括句（考察对文章或段落的归纳概括能力), 过渡性句子（考察对文章结构的把握能力），注释性句子（考察对上下文逻辑意义的理解能力）

解题技巧
一、根据位置线索解题
二、根据逻辑线索解题
三、根据词汇线索解题

解题技巧一：根据位置信息解题
1.问题设在段首（三种可能）：
u 通常是段落主题句。短小精悍，多为名词性短语或祈使句。阅读此段剩余内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关词或者同义词，从而锁定答案。
u 与后文是并列、转折、因果等关系。着重阅读后文一二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。正确选项与后文的句子在意思上是衔接的，因此通常这两句话之间会有某种衔接手段。
u 段落间的过渡句。此时要瞻前顾后找启示，阅读上一段结尾。通常正确选项可以承上启下，起到两段之间很好的过渡作用。
例1: In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
答案：Find the right motivation. （主题句）

例2： However, he is not a fish Because he must breathe air, he can’t stay under the water surface for any length of time. To explore deep water, man faces even more dangers and problems.
答案：Man wants to explore deep into the sea. （与后文转折关系并启示下文内容。）

2.问题设在段中：通常正确选项的句子在语境和逻辑方面和上下文有密切的关系，通常为过渡句或细节注释句。注意句际体现时间、原因、方式、转折等逻辑关系的关联词以及逻辑性插入语等。

例3: Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜）. Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical guidance for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk. Otherwise, you may have problems such as red eyes, pain in the eyes, or a more serious condition.
答案：Always follow the doctor’s advice for appropriate wear. （注意祈使句与otherwise的搭配逻辑）

例4: Unfortunately, we've all been victims of betrayal . Whether we've been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore. 37 It's understandable , but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again , we have some steps you can take to get you there.
答案：They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again. (前后因果关系，注释无法再信任的原因，并与下文understandable衔接。)

3.问题设在段尾：
u 通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信息词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语。
u 与前文之间是转折或者对比关系。
u 与前文之间是并列排比或递进关系。此时，正确选项的作用往往是补全说明本段主题的其他细节。解题时注意查找表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或同义词等其他线索。
u 承上启下，引出下一段的内容。此时注意看下一段的开头几句，看选项中是否有与之紧密衔接的句子。
例5: How to reduce food waste
It was reported recently that in the UK, we throw away up to one third of the food we buy each week. This amounts to 6.7 million tons of food each year. As the food crisis increases around the world, it makes sense for us to reduce the amount of food we waste. 36
答案 This will save us money too----imagine saving a third of your weekly food bill! （补充解释makes sense的理由并归纳概括上文）
Here are some tips to help you reduce food waste.
●Make a menu plan.
Think about the meals that your family enjoys most and make a menu plan for the week. Write down the ingredients you need for each meal on a list. There is nothing worse than pushing a trolley(手推车）around a supermarket aimlessly with no ideas about your meals for the following week. 37 .
答案：You often end up with lots of ingredients that don’t go together! （解释上文语句的结果）

例6:
Everyone wants to succeed in their life , don't they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isn't that hard. 31 .
●Do well in school. No matter how boring it is now , education will help you be a productive member in society. Try your best for excellence in school; listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades. Doing so will help you get into a better university, which will enable you to have a bright future. 32
答案：31: Here are some important points that you may find helpful. (承上启下）
32: School sets you up on the right track! （归纳概括）
解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题
语篇是指比单个句子长的语言单位（句群、段落、篇章等）。语篇中的各种逻辑关系通常是通过语篇标志词来体现的。对语篇标志词了解得越多，就可以更好地理解语篇的结构和要表达的内容，为解题提供帮助。

七选五阅读中常见的逻辑关系：
1.解释例证关系：前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子或具体解释说明。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有：for example/instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words/that is （ to say ）that means…等。
2.转折对比关系:主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。表示转折关系的标志词有：but, however, yet, while，though，although, or/otherwise, on the contrary, instead(of), nevertheless(然而), still, in/by contrast/comparison, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas, unlike, rather than, it is true that…, even if/though, despite, in spite of 等。
3.因果关系:主要指前后的句子有着前因后果或者前果后因等关系。表示因果关系的标志词有：so, therefore , thus，consequently , as a result (of）, so/such…that..., so that…，because(of), for, since, as, hence, accordingly, due to, thanks to,in that, for this reason等。
4.递进关系：对前文进行加深解释。表示递进关系的标志词有： what‘s more, what’s worse, to make matters worse, in addition/additionally, besides，further，furthermore, moreover等。
5.顺承或顺序关系：上下文按照时间、空间、事理或逻辑上的顺序表达连续的动作或相关情况。标志词有： afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start/begin with，in the meantime, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly等。
6.并列或排比关系：句子共同为一个观点看法服务。标志词有： and , or, too, also, some…others…, for one thing, …for another thing…, neither…nor…,either…or…, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as, likewise, similarly, as well, not…but…, not only...but also…，等。
7. 概括归纳关系: 对下文（段首空）或前文（段中或段尾空）进行概括归纳。标志词有：
in short , in brief , in summary ,generally speaking ,in general , to conclude ,in conclusion, in a word ,on the whole , to sum up 等。

例7(解释例证关系)
There are three main types of cryptography（密码术）. 37 , For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message“Meet me.”
答案：You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spelt out.
例8 (转折对比关系) （同时参见例2、例3）
This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercises earlier in the day should help you feel physically as well as mentally tired ._______However, coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake….
A. So, what’s a good sleep?
B. A bedtime drink can also help.
C. Having a good sleep will keep you lively the whole day.
答案：B 此题还可以根据其他逻辑线索或词汇线索得出答案
例9 (因果关系)
There is no doubt that, in an increasingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to win and we feel increasingly optimistic.______.
答案：This is due to our now having a clear strategy with a focus on the customer and product improvement .
例10 (递进关系)
It seems urgent, that communications in transport should be improved. _ ___ All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite.
A. Communication between human beings should also be kept smooth and polite.
B. Yet this is all too often seen.
C. The public should obey the rules.
答案：A
例11 (顺承或顺序关系)
Taking good notes is a time saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways. __________ Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers…
A. Use words, not complete sentences .
B. You must write your notes on separate paper.
C. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember.
D. There are three practical note-taking methods.
答案：C
例12 (并列或排比关系)
●Warm Up. 17 You shouldn't even start having sports until you're a little warmed up. So take a light jog to get loosened up and ready to play. By warming up, you get yourself ready to play. Warming up your muscles and practicing a sport help keep you safe, too.
●Know the Rules of the Game. Traffic lights help to prevent crashes between the many cars and trucks that drive on the roads together .This works because drivers know the rules and follow them ---- at least most of the time . 18 When players know the rules of the game, you and the other players know what to expect from each other.
A. Watch out for others.
B. It’s the same way with sports.
C. Don’t play when you are injured.
D. It’s not a good idea to just run to the field and start playing directly.
答案：17 D 18 B
例13 (概括归纳关系)
_____ Every day ,when she comes back home from work, she sets about doing housework , sweeping the living room and bedrooms or cleaning the furniture , and putting everything in order. She seems to be busy all the time. … Mother never buys expensive dresses for herself, but she often buys some inexpensive but high quality clothes for us.
A. She never goes to expensive restaurants to enjoy meals.
B. My mother is hard-working and never wastes money.
C. As a mother, she takes good care of us and gives us every comfort.
答案：B
解题技巧三：根据词汇线索解题
词汇线索主要指利用语篇中起衔接作用的词汇或者上下文以及选项中重现的词汇或结构。观察发现并利用这种具有启示性的词汇线索，从而能够快速准确选定正确选项，也是解答七选五题型的重要策略之一。
具体而言，词汇线索主要包括以下几种：代词线索; 数词线索; 词汇复现; 词汇同现; 结构复现等。
1 代词线索
七选五阅读中常见的代词有：it, one, that, they/them, this/that, these/those, everyone, everybody, each, both, all, many等.
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，用于指代前文提及的人、物、事或整句概念。凡在选项中或空格前后遇到代词，就需要考虑该代词指代上下文中的什么内容，代入选项后上下文意义是否通顺并合乎逻辑。代词中需要特别注意人称代词、指示代词以及不定代词以及代词所指代的名词的单复数与代词的对应。
例题14：
…The new design was well received by the reception staff of the hotel chain. _________
答案：They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern , more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them.
例15：
It is important, therefore, we should know what people using our stores want of us.______ During the past two years, we have been working hard to improve the standard of our products in both these areas.
答案：The research made by the company shows that, above all else, customers expect fashion and value.
2 数词线索
包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio, rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。
例16
As in China, the weather is different from area to area. 1 The temperatures can fall to –60℃ , which is 60℃ below freezing. In the capital, Ottawa, the average of winter temperature is -10℃, and in summer 21 ℃. 2 The average January temperature is 3℃, and in July it is 18 ℃.
A. Canada is the second largest country in the world .
B．The west coast of Canada is the warmest place in winter.
C．In the North, the winters are long and hard with snow for six months.
答案：1 C 2 B
3 词汇复现
即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。因此上下文中和正确选项中可能会复现原词、同根词、同义词、近义词、反义词等。
例17：You don’t show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you．
答案：Everyone has got two personalities—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real．
例18：__ __ The image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us.
A．Always love yourself.
B．Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.
C．Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself.
答案：C
4 词汇同现
属于语义上相互关联的词语或者跟此词汇属于同一领域的词汇在上下文中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。如：school, teacher, student, headmaster, class, test, fail, pass, learn等就可能出现在同一篇和学校相关的文章中。
例19：
Certain key products have been subject to a thorough review, most notably menswear, where significant advances have been made in product design and manufacture. ______. All of these have reported an increase in market share.
答案：Other areas where product innovation has been particularly effective are in lingerie, （女士内衣）gifts and home ware.

例20
39 This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.
A. Try new things.
B. Ability is easily improved.
C. Make three or four instead.
D. Understand your food better.
E. Cooking is a burden for many people.
答案：A

5 结构复现
相同或者接近的句子结构以并列或者排比等方式在上下文中反复出现，也是解题的一种重要线索。
例21
If you listen to Muzak（背景音乐） carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don’t want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? 73
Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. 74 Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.
答案：73. They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.
74. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.

总结：七选五阅读理解题的解题策略
速读全文，了解文章总体结构。重点关注每段首尾句或小标题，了解大意和主题。
细读文章，遇空逐一浏览备选项，同时综合利用各种解题线索：
◆根据设空位置及其特点解题
◆利用上下文之间的逻辑线索解题
◆利用词汇线索解题
◆利用排除法：已经确定为某题答案的选项，在剩余题目的解答中不再考虑。
◆代入答案，通读全文，检查核对。
----全文完。