2022年交通工程专业英语翻译.doc

Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具演化
The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes,then peoples,and finally nations,the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions,and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural resources,to promote intercommunal trade,and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being,transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．
交通工具演变紧密相连人类在整个地球历史发展。运送署初期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落,然后人民,和最后国家形成,运送社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需个人、 宗族、 家庭和动物保护她们免遭,和逃避危险自然灾害和部落侵略行为,并在寻找最佳地方定居。部落群体形成和逐渐确立其地理特性,运送日益需要开放地区发展,以提供对天然资源,增进族裔间贸易,并调动本土防卫访问。当第一次联合国应运而生时,运送发挥了重要作用,建立民族气节
After basic societal needs had generally been attended to,local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic,cultural,and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions．Again,transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international,and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society,represented today through the international family of nations,transport as physical process of moving people and goods,thus promoting such development,continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact,today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．
基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后,本地社区也许会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其她民族和地区经济、 文化和科技发展共同。再次,运送提供所需这种部落之间、 国际和洲际最后文化交流和贸易流动。在所有有组织人类社会,今天代表国际人们庭,交通工具移动人员和货品,物理过程,从而增进这种发展,通过向此逐渐发展过程中不断发生了技术和组织变化。这种变化是几种因素及环境所致。事实上,今天各种形式和组织安排运送仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好变化。
Clearly,the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries,and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics,society required reliable,fast,and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced,and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.
显然符合运送首要准则是效率。几百年来,特别是在本地经济起飞阶段期间,社会需要迅速、 可靠、 和低成本运送。寻找适当技术是相对无约束。倍时,在人类历史上尤为突出可靠、 迅速运送需求,并迅速解决方案所需国家自卫。在这样地方和国际冲突时期人类智慧制定新运送技术往往证明生存空间,有时胜利决定性因素随后改进和发展,这种新技术使可以更好地满足日益增长交通需求,从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。
The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.
需要更好战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运送。这导致更大、 更快船舶和更可靠和结实陆地车辆。最后,自航引入,蒸汽机船、 铁路和汽车例子。在运送领域研发终于成为组织承诺与特定目的。作为随后浓度人才及专业知识成果,更多先进传播技术如飞机和,近来,火箭推动发展。
The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today' s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.
今天体现是逐渐演化日益复杂交通工具 ' s 运送系统,其中涉及空中、 地面、 和海上运送。而是有限应用程序如管道、 电缆和带交通工具发展导致特殊行业需要。当前社会需要和喜好,以及成本效益经济上规定,在既有各种运送模式普遍达到而是特定功能。
Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.
虽然运送潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改进,很明显这种有效性了它价格。运送技术某些暗示能耗高,所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因而,几种交通工具变得昂贵给顾客。这导致了股权问题,由于业务费用所需费用不是承担得起所有人口群体,从而限制了她们流动性和福利。许多国家政府补贴交通工具,选取了,但不久意识到,所涉预算问题经常在自己国家经济导致严重扭曲。
Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.
逐渐引起各种交通工具污染成了另一种严重问题,作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增长商品流动和人旅行需要。过高人口和产业浓度在世界某些地区,这种对环境不利影响已达到高水平。这种损害这些影响还很充分探讨。
Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.
最后,特别是石油、 世界能源资源日益减少,所引起问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大多数既有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品正常运作。对交通需求有增无减,逐渐有限能源供应提供运送费用稳步增长。特别是石油需求和石油供应非均衡性,引起严重通胀问题在许多国家中浮现。打击特别是某些或所有依赖外部石油供应,经历了它们经常账户赤字不断增长国家。
The transport sector' s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.
运送部门 ' s 越来越无法满足需求,有效和公平地是,所有国家都必要应付在试图推动经济发展和社会进步一种问题。能源供应约束、 较高资本和经营成本,往往与过度外汇组件和运送关于环境污染帐户在很大限度上对这一问题严重性。但运送是并将继续是世界发展和人类福利基本规定。有无别选取,但寻找代替当前运送系统,或修改有关模式技术和业务特点,使能源消耗及成本失败会减少和环境影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显,发展运送需求将不得不加以控制。

Notes
l. As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity, transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural resources,to promote intercommunal trade,and to mobilize territorial defense．
随着种族部落形成和地理界线逐渐拟定,开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间贸易以及捍卫领地,这些都日益需要交通发展。
2. Again,transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal,international．and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．
并且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利贸易和文化交流。
3．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society,represented today through the international family of nations,transport as physical process of moving people and goods,thus promoting such development,continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．
在向有组织人类社会演变过程中,这种组织在今天是通过由各国构成国际化人们庭体现出来,交通作为人与货品移动物理过程,电增进了这种发展,不断地经历着技术与组织方面变化。
4．There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum．
没有别办法,只有寻找新交通代替手段或变化有关模式技术与运营特点,才可以减少能源消耗和造价,对环境影响也可以保持到最低限度。

Unit 3 Transport Telematics
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Introduction
Transport telematics,also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS),are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transport．Some new systems have already been implemented and the pace of implementation can be expected to quicken．With a crystal ball,we can foresee how a typical journey to work may look in 10 years time．
运送信息通讯,也称为智能交通系统 (ITS),涉及电子信息与控制应用提高运送。某些新制度已经实行和执行步伐将会加快。有一种水晶球,我们可以预见典型之旅工作在 10 年时间里也许看起来。
You feel pleased with yourself that you have preceded your in-car navigation system with the coordinates of your final destination,and soon you are obtaining instructions on your best route with information updated from the local travel control center．
离开家里,渊前通过互联网检查您旅游安排。普通您选取乘搭公共交通工具,您可以拟定影响服务任何中断和旅行时间。这一次您选取乘搭车,由于你必要任命 1ater 在一天中在这些旧式商业公园是无法访问公共交通工具之一。没有发生事件记录在你正常工作,因此您不想使用您计算机路由型号为您选取最佳路线路线上。
As you near your place of work,you are aware of roadside messages informing you of the next park and ride service．You choose to ignore these as you will need to make a quick getaway for your appointment．You then check that your travel card is clearly displayed inside the car;you don’t want to be fined for not having a positive credit for the city’s road pricing and parking service! The same card gives you clearance to your parking space;you activate your parking vision and co1lision control just to be sure of not scratching the MD’s car next to you．
一旦你车,你头,高速公路和选取巡航控制、 车道支持和碰撞避免系统,使您可以专注于您最喜欢电台服务。突然间,这是给你一件事你路线上信息电台交通消息通道服务被中断。你不是惊讶时候,在下一种路口,路边可变信息标志 (VM) 确认这 ; 高速公路消息真可信当前
Using transport elematics
All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the UK Government' s consultation document. One way of categorising these services is into the following application areas:
所有这些信息和控制服务和之外,更多讨论,英国政府 ' s 征询文献。Categorising 这些服务一种办法是到下面应用领域:

① traffic management and control
② tolling and road pricing
③ road safety and law enforcement
④ public transport travel information and ticketing
⑤ driver information and guidance
⑥ freight and fleet management
⑦ vehicle safety
⑧system integration
All these applications are being developed with assistance from research and pilot implementation programmes in Europe, USA and Japan.
Traffic management and control
Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows, speeds, queues, incidents accidents, vehicle breakdowns, obstructions air quality and vehicle types, lengths and weights. This information will be collected using infrared, radio, loop, radar, and microwave or vision detectors. In addition, public and private organizations will provide information on planned events roadworks, leisure events, exhibitions.
The use to which this information is put depends on the objectives set for management and control. Network management objectives set for urban areas include:
①influencing traveller behaviour, in particular modal choice, route choice and the time at which journeys are made.
②reducing the impact of traffic on air quality.
③improving priority for buses and LRT vehicles.
④providing better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users.
⑤restraining traffic in sensitive areas.
⑥managing demand and congestion more efficiently.
The software systems used will include control applications such as SCOOT, SCATS, SPOT and MOTION. These are responsive systems, which control a network of traffic signals to meet these objectives. Automatic vehicle location and identification will provide information for giving priority or allowing access to certain vehicles only.
Interurban network management systems will have similar objectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means, and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management. Regional traffic control centers will advise motorist of incidents and alternative routes by VMS and by RDS-TMC, a signal FM radio service broadcasting localized traffic messages and advice to drivers.
Tolling and road pricing
Interurban motorway tolling and urban road pricing provide another approach to meeting network management objectives while obtaining additional revenue that can be invested in transport. Singapore's electronic zone pricing, the TOLLSTAR electronic toll collection and ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.
These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle licence plates using image processing for enforcement purposes.
Public transport travel information and ticketing
Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey. London Transport's ROUTES computer-based service offers routing, timetable and fares information on all public transport services in London through public inquiry terminals.
Real-time travel information is provided in London by the COUNTDOWN system which is being expanded to cover 4000 bus stops. A similar system called STOPWATCH is available in Southampton as part of the ROMANSE project and is based on Peek's Bus Tracker system which can detect buses using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which uses satellites to identify locations.
ROMANSE also includes TRIP lanner interactive enquiry terminals with touch screens providing travel information.
Problems with tickets for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choosing public transport. Smartcard stored-value tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs of a journey served by different operators.
Driver information and guidance
Driver infor