高中高考总复习：被动语态.doc

高考总复习：被动语态
真题再现：
1. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now _______ later in life.
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid
2. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______. We must act immediately before there’s nothing left.
A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out
3. Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I on Friday.
A. get paid B. got paid C. have paid D. had been paid
4. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ______.
A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt
5. —Have you heard about that fire in the market?
— Yes, fortunately no one _____.
A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt
6. The letters for the boss __________ on his desk but he didn’t read them until three days later.
A. were put B. was put C. put D. has put
7. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it .
A. was decorated B. had decorated
C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
8. Experiments of this kind _____ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
9. —I didn’t ask for the name list. Why _____ on my desk?
—I put it there just now in case you needed it.
A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed
10. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _____ four days later.
A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued
答案与解析
1. A。从don’t可知语境为现在，排除B、D；而later in life可知为将来的动作，意为“被给予回报”，故选A。
2. B。分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。
3. A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是动宾关系，所以选A。
4. A。句意为：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用被动语态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。
5. B。根据语境，火灾发生在过去的时间，人有可能“被火伤害”，用一般过去时的被动语态。
6. A。句子的主语为the letters，不能选择第三人称单数形式，排除B, D项；而且信应该是“被放在桌上”，选择被动语态。
7. D。It指代the reading-room，所以只能用被动，考虑到only to be told表示结果，所以选择D。
8. D。experiment和conduct之间为被动关系，故排除A项和C项。conduct这一动作发生在第二次世界大战之前，即“过去的过去”。
9. B。根据句意可知名单现在在桌子上，故用现在时，排除C，D项句中强调land这一动作对现在产生的结果或影响，用现在完成时。
10. B。根据句意，member和rescue之间为被动关系，排除A，C项；另外rescue并不是发生在get lost之前，只是陈述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时。

知识讲解：
被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。
一般现在时：am/is/are +done (过去分词)
English is widely used in the world.
现在完成时：has /have been done
All those flowers have been watered.
现在进行时：am/is /are being done
The blackboard is being painted now.
一般过去时：was/were done
We were asked to help them.
过去完成时：had been done
The building had been completed before I arrived.
过去进行时：was/were being done
The university was being built when I saw last time.
一般将来时：shall/will be done
A class meeting will be held next Monday.
过去将来时：should/would be done
She said the book would be delivered soon.
将来完成时：shall/will have been done
I will have finished my high school this time next year.

被动语态的特殊结构形式
1.含情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
The books may be kept for two weeks.
What’s done cannot be undone.
2. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
Many books were given to the children at the school.
Ann wasn’t offered the job.
3. 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不变。
He was seen sitting there without doing anything.
4. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
The poor children were made to work 12 hours a day.
She is made to clean the floor.
5. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
Bad habits have been done away with．
The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible．

使用被动语态的场合
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
Printing was introduced to Europe from China.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
Health is valued above everything.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
We were shocked by the bad news.

“It is said/thought/believed that...”及类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有：
It is said that… 据说……
It is reported that… 据报道……
It is believed that… 大家相信……
It is hoped that… 大家希望……
It is well known that… 众所周知……
It is thought that… 大家认为……
It is suggested that… 据建议……
Somebody/ something be supposed to do... 被期望……；应该
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.
The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
I’m supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.
谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.很多动词如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
Glass breaks easily.
The car rides smoothly.
The dish tastes delicious.
The theory proved right at last.
The book is so interesting that it sells well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.

非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
1. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
2. 动词不定式的被动形式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。
作主语：
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
作宾语：
She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
构成复合宾语：
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.
构成复合谓语：
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.
作定语：
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office?
作状语：
She was too young to be assigned such work.
不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等：
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）
She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）
He thought it an honor to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）
3.不定式的主动形式表示被动
在there be结构中：
There is a lot of homework to do (to be done).
There is no time to lose (to be lost).
在“n／pron + be + ad.j + to do”结构中作方式状语。
He is hard to convince.
He is an impossible person to work with．
在“too...to do; enough…to…”结构中：
The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)．
The house is big enough to live in.
在“with+n.+to do”结构中。
With nothing to do，he lay in bed．
With so many exercises to do, I can’t go to the cinema．
当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。
I have a letter to type today. (I是to type的逻辑主语)
Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语)
当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。
This is the best book to read (=for us／you to read).
The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house.
5. rent, blame, let等用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?

“get+过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。
She got married last week.
The patient got treated once a week．
He fell off the car and got killed．
There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got (=was) hurt.

被动表示主动意义
be seated, be located, be situated, be dressed等用被动形式表达主动意义。
Please be seated.
Our school is located at the foot of the mountain

被动语态与系表结构的区别
　　当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
The glass is broken． （系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
The door is locked． （系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）
3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
The machine is being repaired．

易错的动词/词组下列词只能用主动语态：marry, lack, belong to, take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续), run out（用光）
The young man lacks experience.
He is lacking in courage.
The hall holds 1000 people.
A fire broke out during the night.
The meeting lasted (for) two hours.

在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后，-ing 形式可以表被动。
The plants want watering/to be watered every day.
This wall requires painting.
The car needs repairing.

不是所有被动的词组都表被动。
be determined, be prepared, be graduated, be occupied, get married, be seated, be drunk, be dressed等表示主动的含义。 
He is graduated from a famous university.
He is fully occupied by everyday work.