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1、 Appendix C：Glossary 附录C：名词解释 α helix α螺旋 A helical secondary structure in proteins. Pl. α helices. 蛋白质中一种螺旋形的二级结构。复数：α helices。 α-amanitin α鹅膏蕈碱 A toxin that inhibits the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases to different extents. Name derives from mushroom of genus Amanit
2、a in which toxin is found. 一种能不同程度地抑制三种真核生物RNA聚合酶的毒素。名称来自于产生此毒素的Amanita属蘑菇。 β-galactosidase β-半乳糖苷酶 Enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose. Name origin: the bond cut by this enzyme is called a β-galactosidic bond. 将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖的酶。名称来源：该酶切割的键称为β-半乳糖苷键。 β sheet β折叠
3、 A secondary structure in proteins, relatively flat and formed hydrogen bonding between two parallel or anti-parallel stretches of polypeptide. 蛋白质的一种二级结构，相对平坦，在两条平行的或反向平行的肽段之间形成氢键。 σ subunit σ亚基 Component of prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Required for recognition of promoters.
4、原核生物RNA聚合酶全酶的组成成分。在启动子识别中需要。 ρ-dependent termination ρ依赖型终止 A form of transcription termination in prokaryotes that depends on the protein ρ as well as on sequences in the DNA/RNA. 原核生物中的一种转录终止方式，依赖于ρ蛋白和DNA/RNA序列引起转录终止。 ─10 box ─10框 Common promoter element in E. coli. Named for its
5、 location approximately 10 bases upstream of the transcription start site. 大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由于它位于转录起始位点上游约10个碱基处而得名。 3’g5’ exonuclease activity 3’g5’外切核酸酶活性 Function of DNA polymerases. Allows 3’g5’ removal of incorrect nucleotides after polymerization. See also exonuclease. DNA聚合酶的活性。允
6、许在聚合反应后以3’g5’方向去除不正确的核苷酸。请参照‘exonuclease’。 30nm fiber 30nm纤维 An higher-level structure of chromatin. The elongated structure has a width of approximately 30nm. 一种染色质的高级结构。其延长的结构宽度大约是30nm。 30S initiation complex 30S起始复合体 In prokaryotes, complex of mRNA, 30S ribosomal subunit, and in
7、itiator tRNA placed at the start codon.； 是原核生物中由mRNA、30S核糖体亚基和起始tRNA在起始密码子位置组成的复合体。 ─35 box ─35框 Common promoter element in E. coli. Named for its location approximately 35 bases upstream of the transcription start site. 大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由于它位于转录起始为点上游约35个碱基处而得名。 5’g3’ exonuclease activ
8、ity 5’g3’外切核酸酶活性 Function of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotes. Allows for removal of nucleotides in the direction of synthesis. Often used for removal of RNA primers. 原核生物中DNA聚合酶I的一种功能。允许以DNA合成方向去除核苷酸。常在去除RNA引物中使用。 5-bromouracil (BU) 5-溴尿嘧啶（BU） Mutagenic base analogue. Resembles thym
9、ine, but easily interconverts to tautomeric form that pairs with guanine. Structure resembles uracil with an attached bromine group. 具有诱变性的碱基类似物。与胸腺嘧啶相似，但很容易转换成与鸟嘌呤配对的互变异构形式。带有溴基团的结构与尿嘧啶相似。 A (aminoacyl) site A（氨酰基）位 First site on the ribosome to which tRNAs bind, bringing new amino acids.
10、 Named after the acyl bond that attaches amino acids to tRNA . 带有新氨基酸的tRNA与核糖体结合的第一个位置。根据氨基酸连接到tRNA上的酰基键命名。 AgI editing AgI编辑 A form of post-transcriptional modification to mRNA in eukaryotes in which adenine is deaminated to form inosine, an unusual base. 真核生物中对mRNA进行转录后修饰的一种形式，修饰时将腺嘌
11、呤脱氨基形成次黄苷，次黄苷是一种非普通碱基。 Acetylation 乙酰化作用 The addition of an acetyl group to a molecule. 将一个乙酰基加到某个分子上的过程。 Aconitase 顺乌头酸酶 Protein that regulates iron metabolism. Controls mRNA stability and translatability for transferrin and ferritin, respectively. 调控铁代谢的蛋白质。分别控制运铁蛋白和铁蛋白的稳定性和可转
12、译性。 Activators 激活蛋白 Proteins that increase transcription of a gene. 促进基因转录的蛋白质。 Active site 活性位点 Site on an enzyme that is directly responsible for catalyzing reactions. 酶分子中直接负责催化反应的位点。 Affinity chromatography 亲和层析 A kind of column chromatography technique. The column is
13、packed with molecules that bind to a specific subset of proteins. Affinity = attraction. 柱层析技术的一种。柱中用能与一组特殊的蛋白质结合的分子填充。亲和 = 吸引。 Alkyl group 烷基 A class of chemical groups composed of carbon and hydrogen. Examples: methyl group (─CH3) and ethyl group (─CH2CH3). 由碳和氢组成的一类化学基团。例如：甲基（─CH
14、3）和乙基（─CH2CH3）。 Alleles 等位基因 Versions of the same gene that differ slightly in function and sequence. 相同基因的不同版本，它们之间在功能和序列上稍有不同。 Allosteric regulation 别构调节 Form of regulation in which a small molecule binds to a regulatory site on a protein, causing a structural and functional chang
15、e at the active site. ‘Steric’ is related to the word ‘structure’. 调节的一种形式，通过一个小分子结合到蛋白质的调节位点而引起其活性位点结构和功能的改变。‘steric’（空间的）一词与‘structure’（结构）有联系。 Alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化 The ability to make mRNAs of varying sizes from one coding region, by altering the site of pre-mRNA cleavag
16、e and polyadenylation. Can alter protein size and properties of the mRNA, such as stability. 通过改变前体mRNA的切割位点和聚腺苷酸化位点而从一个编码区产生不同大小mRNA的能力。能改变蛋白质分子的大小和mRNA的性质（如稳定性）。 Alternative splicing 可变剪接 The ability to make various proteins from one coding region by choosing between the inclusion/exclu
17、sion of certain introns and exons. 通过选择包含或不包含某些内含子和外显子而从一个编码区产生不同蛋白质的能力。 Ames test 埃姆斯测验法 Technique to assess the mutagenic potential of a chemical. 用来评价化学物质是否具有潜在诱变性的技术。 Amino acids 氨基酸 Small molecules that can be polymerized to form proteins. Name derives from the presence of
18、an amino group as well as an acidic carboxyl group. 能聚合形成蛋白质的小分子。名称来自于它们所带的氨基以及酸性的羧基。 Amino group 氨基 A chemical group comprising nitrogen bound to two hydrogen atoms. 由氮原子与两个氢原子结合形成的化学基团。 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 氨酰-tRNA合成酶 A protein that matches tRNAs with the correct amino aci
19、d. Name origin: enzyme synthesizes the acyl bond that joins amino acids to tRNAs. 一种将tRNA与正确的氨基酸匹配的蛋白质。名称来源：酶合成了将氨基酸连接到tRNA上去的酰基。 Anticodon 反密码子 Three base sequence in a tRNA that binds to one or more codons. The prefix ‘anti-’ here means ‘opposite’ or ‘complementary.’ tRNA上能与一个或多个密码子
20、结合的三碱基序列。前缀 ‘anti-’在这儿的意思是‘相反的’或‘互补的’。 Anti-parallel 反向平行的 Two strands that are parallel but oriented in the opposite direction. Often used to describe the orientation of strands in a DNA molecule relative to each other. 两条平行但方向相反的链。常用来描述DNA分子中的链相对于各自的方向。 Ara operon ara操纵子 Operon c
21、ontaining genes that metabolize the sugar arabinose. 含有阿拉伯糖代谢基因的操纵子。 Attenuation 衰减作用 A mechanism in the trp operon to ensure that genes are not transcribed in the presence of tryptophan. trp操纵子中用于确保当色氨酸存在时基因不被转录的一种机理。 Attenuator 衰减子 Transcribed sequence just downstream of the tr
22、p operon promoter that is central to the attenuation mechanism. Can form a terminating hairpin structure that stops transcription of the operon. 紧接在trp操纵子的启动子之后转录出来的序列，对衰减作用机理很重要。能形成终止型发夹结构而使在操纵子进行的转录停止。 AU-rich element (ARE) 富含AU元件（ARE） Sequence in the 3’UTR of certain eukaryotic mRNAs t
23、hat is involved in regulation of mRNA stability. Named for prevalence of A and U bases in the sequence. 在调节mRNA稳定性中起作用的一些真核生物mRNA 3’UTR序列。因序列中含有许多A和U而得名。 Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) 自主复制序列（ARS） An origin of replication in yeast. Name origin: pieces of DNA containing this se
24、quence are able to replicate autonomously, meaning even if they are not part of a chromosome. 酵母中的一种复制起点。名称来源：含有此序列的DNA片段即使不是染色体的一部分也能够自主地进行复制。 Basal transcription 基础转录 The low rate of transcription that occurs in eukaryotes if only the pre-initiation complex is present (without activators
25、). Basal ~ base = a low part. 真核生物中如果只有前起始复合体存在（没有激活蛋白）的情况下所发生的低速率的转录。基础 ~ 基底 = 少量。 Base analogues 碱基类似物 Molecules that resemble DNA bases in structure and can be incorporated into DNA. ‘Analogues’ = two things that resemble each other. Analogue ~ analogy. 结构上与DNA碱基类似的分子，能被整合到DNA中。‘类
26、似物’ = 两种互相相像的事物。类似物 ~ 类似。 Base excision repair (BER) 碱基切除修复（BER） DNA damage repair pathway usually used to fix common damage to DNA bases. DNA损伤修复途径，通常用来修复DNA碱基的普通损伤。 Base pair 碱基对 Two complementary nucleotides bound by hydrogen bonds. Often used to measure the length for DNA. 通
27、过氢键结合在一起的互补的核苷酸。常用来度量DNA的长度。 Base-stacking 碱基堆积 Term to describe the placement of base pairs in a DNA molecule. Base pairs lie in parallel planes one above the other, giving the impression that they are ‘stacked.’ 用来描述DNA分子中碱基排布位置的术语。碱基对一个接一个地平放在平行的平面上，产生一种它们是‘堆放’在那里的印象。 Beads-on-a-str
28、ing 线珠结构 Term to describe the lowest level of DNA organization. Nucleosomes are separated by stretches of naked DNA. 用于描述DNA组织最低一级水平的术语。核小体由裸露的DNA片段连接在一起。 Bi-directional replication 双向复制 Term to describe DNA replication that proceeds in two opposite directions from an origin of replic
29、ation. The prefix ‘bi-’ = ‘two’. 用来描述DNA复制从复制起点开始沿两个相反的方向进行的术语。前缀‘bi-’ = ‘二’。 Branch migration 分支迁移 The movement of a Holliday junction that causes different hybridizations between the homologous chromosomes. 指Holliday交叉的移动，它会引起同源染色体不同区段之间发生杂交。 CgU editing CgU编辑 A form of post-t
30、ranscriptional modification to mRNA in eukaryotes in which cytosine is deaminated to form uracil. 一种形式的真核生物转录后修饰作用，修饰时将胞嘧啶脱氨基形成尿嘧啶。 Capping 加帽 Post-transcriptional modification in which a derivative of guanosine is attached to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA. In normal English, a ‘cap’ is anyt
31、hing that goes on the head of something. For example, a hat is often called a ‘cap.’ 将鸟嘌呤核苷的衍生物加到前体mRNA 5’端上去的转录后修饰作用。在日常英语中，‘cap’（帽、盖）指放到某些事物头上的任何东西。例如，有沿帽常被叫做‘cap’。 Carboxyl group 羧基 Acidic chemical group in which a carbon atom is bound to two oxygen atoms. Name origin: the group co
32、ntains carbon and oxygen. 一个碳原子连接到两个氧原子上形成的酸性化学基团。名称来源：该基团含有carbon（碳）和oxygen（氧）。 Catabolite activator protein (CAP) 代谢物激活蛋白（CAP） Protein in prokaryotes that responds to glucose/cAMP concentration to activate transcription. Used to enhance transcription of the lac and ara operon genes, wh
33、ich produce proteins involved in catabolism. 原核生物中对葡萄糖/cAMP浓度进行响应而激活转录的蛋白质。用于增强lac和ara操纵子基因的转录，产生的蛋白在分解代谢中起作用。 Chaperones 伴侣蛋白 Proteins that help other proteins to fold into the correct structure. In normal English, a chaperone is a person who accompanies somebody else. 帮助其它蛋白质折叠成正确结构的
34、蛋白质。在日常英语中，chaperone指一个陪伴另一个人的人。 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) 染色质免疫沉淀法（ChIP） A co-immunoprecipitation technique that checks for binding of specific DNA sequence to a specific protein. 一种免疫共沉淀技术，用于检查特异DNA序列与特异蛋白质之间的结合。 Chromatin remodeling proteins 染色质重塑蛋白 Proteins that alt
35、er the association of histones with DNA as a way of regulating transcription. In normal English, to ‘model’ = ‘to build’ or ‘to organize.’ The prefix ‘re-’ = ‘again’ or ‘new’. Chromatin remodeling causes a new organization of histones with DNA. 改变组蛋白与DNA之间结合方式的蛋白质，是一种调控转录的方式。在日常英语中，to ‘model’ =
36、‘建造’或‘组织’。前缀‘re-’ = ‘再次’或‘新的’。染色质重塑使组蛋白与DNA产生新的组织方式。 Clamp loader 滑行夹加载器 A subset of eukaryotic DNA polymerase subunits that load the sliding clamp onto DNA. 由真核生物DNA聚合酶的一部分亚基组成的将滑行夹套到DNA上去的装置。 Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) 免疫共沉淀法（CoIP） A technique to check for binding of a protein
37、to other proteins or molecules. Immunopre- cipitation of a protein is performed using antibodies. Any proteins that bind to that protein will also be precipitated and identified. The prefix ‘co-’ = ‘with’. Used here because proteins that immunoprecipitate with the protein that binds to the antib
38、ody are identified. 一种检查某种蛋白质是否与其它蛋白质或其它分子结合的技术。蛋白质的免疫沉淀采用抗体进行。任何与该蛋白结合的蛋白质也将被沉淀和鉴定出来。前缀‘co-’ = ‘与’。用在此处的原因是，它鉴定出了那些与该蛋白（结合在抗体上）一起免疫沉淀出来的蛋白质。 Colonies 集落 Isolated populations of cells on a plate. Theoretically, all cells in a colony are identical because they are descended from one cell.
39、 In normal English, a ‘colony’ is a group of people that settles in a foreign land. 平板上分开的细胞群体。理论上说，一个集落中的所有细胞是完全相同的，因为它们都是一个细胞的后代。在日常英语中，‘colony’指定居在外国土地上的一群人。 Column chromatography 柱层析 A general set of techniques used to purify proteins by passing them through a column. Proteins exit th
40、e column at different time depending on their properties and the properties of the column. 使蛋白质穿过层析柱而对它们进行纯化的一套综合技术。蛋白质的性质和层析柱的性质决定了蛋白质流出柱子的不同时间。 Complementary 互补的 Term used to describe bases that can pair with each other. In normal English, things that ‘complement’ each other are things
41、that go well together. ‘Complementary’ should not be confused with ‘complimentary’. 用来描述能互相配对的碱基的术语。在日常英语中，能互相‘complement’的事物是那些可以很好地在一起的事物。请不要将‘complementary’（互补的）与‘complimentary’（赞美的）混淆。 Conformation 构象 Used in relation to proteins as synonym for ‘structure’. 作为‘结构’的同义词在与蛋白质有关的表述中使用。
42、 Consensus sequence 共有序列 The most probable sequence of a sequence element. In normal English, a ‘consensus’ is when everybody agrees about something. 一个序列元件的最有可能出现的序列。在日常英语中，‘consensus’指每个人都同意某件事。 Conservative replication 保留复制 A model of replication in which an entirely new DNA mol
43、ecule is produced, and the parental DNA molecules is conserved. 一种复制模型，认为复制产生一个全新的DNA分子，而亲本DNA分子保持不变。 Conservative transposition 保守型转座 A type of transposition in which the transposon is removed from its original location to be inserted into a new location. 一种转座类型，转座时转座子从它的原始位置离开并插入到一个新的
44、位置中。 Constitutive 组成型的 A commonly used word in biology meaning ‘always’ or ‘nonstop’. Constitutive lac operon mutants are those that transcribe lac operon genes always, under any condition. 是生物学常用词，表示‘总是’或‘不停的’。组成型lac操纵子突变体在任何条件下都一直转录lac操纵子基因。 Coordinate regulation 协同调控 Transcripti
45、onal regulation in which a set of genes are regulated together. 一组基因在一起进行调控的转录调控方式。 Core histones 核心组蛋白 Histones that come together to form the core of the nucleosome. 在一起形成核小体核心的组蛋白。 Co-repressor 辅阻遏物 A small molecule that binds to a repressor protein to allow repressive activit
46、y. Prefix ‘co-’ = ‘with’. In this case the co-repressor works with the repressor to cause repression. 结合到阻遏蛋白上使其产生阻遏活性的小分子。前缀‘co-’ = ‘与’。在此辅阻遏物与阻遏蛋白一起使发生阻遏作用。 Coupled transcription-translation 偶联转录-转译作用 Translation that occurs while transcription is still in progress. 当转录还在进行的时候发生的转译
47、作用。 Covalent bond 共价键 A bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared. 两个原子共享电子形成的键。 Crossing-over 交换 A recombinational event in which regions of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes. DNA区域在同源染色体之间发生交换的重组事件。 Cross-linking 交联 The covalent linkage of bases
48、 opposite each other in a DNA molecule. 在DNA分子中位于相对链上的碱基之间形成的共价连接。 C-terminus C末端 The end of a polypeptide containing a carboxyl group. Name origin: C refers to carboxyl, and terminus = end. Pl. = C-termini. 多肽上含有羧基的末端。名称来源：C指carboxyl（羧基）， terminus = 末尾。复数 = C-termini。 Deamination
49、 脱氨基 The removal of an amino group from a base. The prefix ‘de-’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ in this case. 从一个碱基上去除一个氨基的过程。在这里，前缀‘de-’ = ‘消除’或‘去除’。 Deletion 缺失 The removal of base pairs from a DNA molecule. 从DNA分子中去除碱基对的过程。 Denaturation 变性 The disruption of non-covalent interactions
50、 in a macromolecule that alters its three-dimensional structure. With respect to DNA, denaturation involves separations of single-strands. With respect to protein, denaturation involves unfolding of the polypeptide. 大分子中非共价相互作用力的破坏导致三维结构改变的过程。对DNA来说，变性涉及单链的分离。对蛋白质来说，变性涉及多肽链的解折叠。 Density ultr
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