2牛津高中英语模块一至四语法总结及练习.doc

牛津英语模块1至模块4语法总结及练习
第一单元
一 定语从句：定语从句的介绍
1. 就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。
形容词： The green team
介词短语：The team in green
定语从句：The team who were wearing green
2. 定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。
如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.
做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.
二 定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose
1. 在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。
eg：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.
2. 在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。
eg：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.
3. 当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。
eg：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.
4. 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。
eg：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.
5. Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。
eg：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.
第二单元
一 定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which; preposition＋whom）
1. 当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。
eg：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
2. 在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。
eg：Art is the subject which I know little about.
3. 如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。
eg：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.
4. 当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。
eg：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.
Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.
5. 当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which或that 可以被省略。
eg：I didn’t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.
二 定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why
1． 我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定语从句。
eg：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?
I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.
2． 我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。
eg：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.
This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.
3． 我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。
eg：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.
4． 在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。
eg：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.
This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.
It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.
第三单元
一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句
1． 非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。
eg：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.
My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.
2． 当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。
eg：He missed the show, which was a great pity.
3． 我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。
eg：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.

定语从句练习
1. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
2. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
3. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
4. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
5. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
6. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. whether
7. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
8. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
9. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
10. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
11. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against
12. Didn’t you see the man __________?
I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
13. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
14. ---- “How do you like the book?”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
15. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who
had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
16. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
17. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
18. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
19. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced?
A. in which B. where C. which D. that
20. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
21. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom
22. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
23. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
24. The two things __they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which
25. Do you know which hotel __________?
A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in
26. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?
A. which B. that C. where D. in that
27. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, ___much help for knowing space.
which we think it is B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is D. I think which is of
28. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last
A. come B. came C. coming D. comes
29. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which B. who C. that D. /
30. This is the very film _______ I've long wished to see.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
31.The house ______the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
A. that B. where C. what D. when
32.The doctor did all_______ to save the wounded boy.
A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do
33. _____you know, he is a famous musician.
A. As B. which C. That D.／
34.He is the only one of the three______ got the new idea.
A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had
35.This is the baby____________ tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after
36. These students will graduate from the university next summer, __ they will have studied here for four years.
A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time
37. This is the house the window __________ faces the south.
A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose
38. It is five o’clock in the afternoon _________ they arrived at the hotel.
A. since B. before C. when D. that
39. In some countries, _____is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. what C. that D. one
40. --- How about the games?
---Very interesting, and the ones _____the young men competed were really exciting
A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which

二 附加疑问句
1． 附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。
当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。
当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。

2． 附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：
1） 在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。
eg：We can still be friends, can’t we?
He doesn’t like ice cream, does he?
当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。
eg：Neither of you will have coffee, will you?
No one has found my CD, have they?
Nobody understood his speech, did they?
His sister seldom argues with people, does she?
人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。
eg：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?
Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you?
助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。
eg：You like traveling, don’t you?
There is something wrong, isn’t there?
You can’t speak Italian, can you?
祁使句后用will you， Let’s后用shall we
eg：Post a letter for me, will you?
Let’s have a break, shall we?
反意疑问句
1 He hurt his leg when playing football. He is very unlucky, ____ he?
A is B didn’t C isn’t D does
2 John is a diligent student who spends most of his time studying, ____ he?
A hadn’t B had C does D isn’t
3 –They don’t answer the phone when I call.
--There isn’t any one at home then, ___?
A isn’t there B is there C is it D isn’t it
4 It seldom snows in winter in Shanghai, ___?
A doesn’t it B isn’t it C is it D does it
5 She has already plans for the summer holidays, ____?
A hasn’t she B isn’t she C doesn’t she D hadn’t it
6 Mother loves reading. She never spends time watching TV, ____?
A does she B will she C have she D doesn’t she
7 It is the first time that she has been to the United States, ____?
A isn’t she B isn’t it C hasn’t she D hasn’t it
8 I don’t think he is right, ___?
A do I B don’t I C is he D isn’t he

第一单元
一 现在完成时态
1． 我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。
eg：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
2． 我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。
eg：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.
当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短语有：already, ever, for, just, lately, never, recently, since, yet, already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句。
eg：The boy has already come home.
I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
for+一段时间 since+点时间
eg：We haven’t seen him for two years. We haven’t seen him since 2002.
注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。
我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。
eg：The police have just finished searching the area.
我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。
eg：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.
现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词

二 现在完成进行时态
1． 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。
eg：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.
2． 我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。
eg：--- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
--- Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.
3． 现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing
注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。
eg：I have been waiting for a long time.
He has been waiting since nine o’clock.

三 现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态
1． 我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。
egLi Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)
2． 我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。
eg：I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用于回答how long的提问。
eg：How many times have you swum in the lake?
How long have you been swimming in the lake?
3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。
eg：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)
I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）
I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）
注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know，exist
4． 当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。
eg：I’ve never visited Paris.
I’ve already been to Paris.

第二单元
一 将来进行时态
1． 我们用将来进行时态来：
1） 谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。
eg：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week
2） 谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。
eg：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.
3） 没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。
eg：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
(在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排.)
4） 礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。
eg：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?

2． 将来进行时态的构成：
1） 陈述句：will(not)+v-ing
eg：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco.
2） 疑问句：will 提到主语的前面
eg：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July?
3） 回答：will（not）
eg：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’t)

二 过去将来时态
1． 我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：
1） 表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。
eg：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.
2) 暗指一个过去的目的。
eg：I was going to leave, but then it rained.
3) 暗指一个过去的安排。
eg：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.
4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

eg：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.
2． 陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：
1） would +动词原形
eg：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.
2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to
eg：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.

It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.
Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.
第三单元
一 过去完成时态
1． 我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。
eg：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.
2． 在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。
eg：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------
Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.
3． 过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。
eg：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.
4． 过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.
eg：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.
5． 过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed
eg：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.
二 现在完成时态还是过去完成时态
1. 当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。
eg：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
2. 当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。
eg：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.
语法复习 模快二
I 1—Alice’s second-hand computer_____ wrong although she used it only once.
A goes B has gone C is going D had gone
2 Robert _____me his address the other day, but I’m afraid I ____it.
A had given; lost B has given; have