高中英语专题非谓语动词精讲.doc

Part A 不定式和动名词

一．不定式和动名词的共同用法：作主语、作表语、作定语、作宾语
1. 作主语
Getting up early (早起) is a good habit.
Climbing up the mountains is interesting. 爬山很有趣。(经验)
Looking after the baby_(照顾婴儿) is her job every day.
To look after the baby (照顾婴儿) is her job today.
动名词：表经常的习惯的动作或已知的事或经验
不定式：表具体的一次的行为
2. 作表语
1) 动名词，不定式和作主语用法相同
2) 如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。　
His wish is to buy a car before long. 他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆轿车。
3. 作定语
动名词表示所修饰名词的用途；
不定式表示将来可做或该做的行为。
例如：
A swimming pool= a pool for swimming 游泳池
A swimming boy = a boy who is swimming
A pool to swim in 可游泳的池塘
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from BJ?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
4. 作宾语
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help
此外：seem, attempt, fail, happen, afford, strive, make up one’s mind to, be determined to, would/should like/love to
注意：不定式作介词but, except(除了)的宾语。（can’t choose but, can’t help but..）
The soldiers could do nothing but wait for the order
The soldier had no other choice but to wait for the order.
The scientist cannot help but wonder, “ Are humans dying out like other animals?”
一般的介词后面的宾语都是-ing形式或名词。但这两个除外。它们两个后面用不定式作宾语。一般的考点都集中在它们后面的不定式带to还是不带的问题上。一般看的是前面有没有do的任何形式或can’t，有则不带to，没有则带to。
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
miss , imagine, mind escape, insist on, practise, suggest, consider, avoid, enjoy/appreciate, risk, finish, deny, forbid, keep/keep on , allow/permit, delay/put off ，can’t stand , give up , feel like , insist on , thank you for , apologize for , be busy (in ), have difficulty/trouble/problem( in) , have a good /wonderful/hard time (in ), spend time (in)
例句：The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed being caught.
My brother got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the last chance.
He admitted breaking the window. 他承认打破了玻璃。
The boys admitted having broken my car window while playing football.
I really appreciate your replying so soon.
You’d better avoid seeing your boss today. He is like a bull in a china shop.
Can you imagine living alone on the moon?
Jill couldn’t resist making jokes about my baldness.
The experienced worker suggested making a hole the other side.
I just can’t stand being bossed around by a woman.
Are you really used to drinking wines three meals a day?
We are looking forward to seeing you in New York.
When the weather turns fine, I have get down to repairing my house.
They set about treating the baby immediately they arrived.
现对上述只以动名词作宾语的动词分类归纳如下：
A.注意动词的一词多义
①consider只有在作“考虑”解时才以-ing形式作宾语。如：
Tom is considered to be the best driver in the team. (认为)
Tom is considering borrowing some money from the bank. （考虑）
② can’t help只有作“禁不住”解时才以-ing形式作宾语。如：
Sorry, I’m busy preparing for the exam and can’t help clean the room (不能帮忙)
Sorry, I can’t help laughing when I heard the news. (禁不住)
③ be used to只有作“习惯于” 解时才以-ing形式作宾语。如：
The knife is used to cut off the skin of the trees. (被用来做)
The students are used to getting up early in the morning. (习惯于)
B．注意摆脱思维定势
allow advise, forbid, permit ①+doing sth. ②+ sb. to do sth.
这是一个学生出错率挺高的考点。因为，大家都知道如allow sb. to do sth. 这样的结构，并且烂熟于心。所以在见到Allow等后面直接跟宾语的时候，大家的第一反应就是选择to do，这样就中了出题人的陷阱。
例如：
My parents don’t allow me to go there by plane for the sake of safety.
They don’t allow smoking in this area of the campus.
Jill’s teacher advised him to take the job in the less famous company.
Jill’s teacher advised taking the job in the less famous company.
The manager forbids anyone to enter his office without permission.
Smoking is forbidden in this office.
C．注意主动形式表被动意义的问题
Your desk needs cleaning.
Your desk needs to be cleaned.
The flowers require watering every day.
The flowers require to be watered every day.
He wants reminding of the meeting tomorrow. He is always forgetful.
He wants to be reminded of the meeting tomorrow. He is always forgetful.
The play is worth seeing a second time
The play is worthy of being seen a second time.
The play is worthy to be seen a second time.
以上几组只是在主动或被动的形式上有所差别，意义相同。
D．动名词的逻辑主语问题
动名词的逻辑主语通常为：①形容词性物主代词+动名词；②名词所有格+动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them. 他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife’s working late. 他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
I can hardly imagine Peter’s sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief’s being caught.
值得注意的是，在动名词的复合结构作宾语时，其中的形容词性物主代词可以转化为宾格形式的人称代词。
例如：We’ll appreciate you calling back soon. (your→you)
Do you mind your students using mobiles in school? (your students’→your students)
Can you imagine us passing the test on our first attempt? (our→us)
但是，千万注意，当动名词作主语时，前面只能用形容词性物主代词或者名词所有格。
例如：His coming back late made all of us angry.
My mother’s being ill sent all of us into great anxiety.
同时，在某些情况下，动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：
　　a.无生命名词
　　The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。
　　b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义
　　Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
　　c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列
　　Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？
注意：用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，　be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意,get down to 着手做某事, lead to 导致,object to 反对
例如：
I must admit to feeling ashamed of my conduct.
我得承认因自己的行为而感到羞惭。
He confessed to cheating on the exam.
他承认考试作弊。
Stop playing cards , let's get down to doing something more meaningful.

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1) forget to do 忘记要去做某事 (未做)
　 forget doing忘记做过某事 (已做)
例如：The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
　　办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
　　He forgot turning the light off.
　　他忘记他已经关了灯了。　( 已做过关灯的动作)
　　Don't forget to come tomorrow.
　　别忘了明天来。　(to come动作未做)
　　典型例题
　　---- The light in the office is still on.
　　---- Oh，I forgot___.　
　　A. turning it off　B. turn it off　C. to turn it off　D. having turned it off
　　答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
2) stop to do 停止去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette.　他们停下来，抽了根烟。
　　I must stop smoking..　我必须戒烟了。
　　典型例题
　　She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the
　　side of the path.　
　　A. to have rested　B. resting　C. to rest　D. rest
　　答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth.
　　停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
3) remember to do 记住去做某事 (未做)
　 remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
例如：Remember to go to the post office after school.
　　记着放学后去趟邮局。
　　Don't you remember seeing the man before?
　　你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾, 后悔
例如：I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
　　我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
　　I don't regret telling her what I thought.　
　　我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
　　典型例题
　　---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
　　---Well, now I regret ___ that.
　　A. to do　B. to be doing　C　to have done　D.　having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
5) try to do努力, 企图做某事
try doing试验, 试一试某种办法
例如：You must try to be more careful.
　　你可要多加小心。
　　I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
　 mean doing意味着
例如：　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
　　我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
　　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
　　增加工资意味着增加购买力。
7) go on to do 继而 (去做另外一件事情)
　 go on doing 继续 (原先没有做完的事情)
例如：After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
　　做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
　　Go on doing the exercise after you have chatted with your friends.
　　与同学聊完天后，接着做练习。
8) propose to do 打算 (要做某事)
　 proposing doing建议 (做某事)
例如：He proposed building a bridge across this river.
他建议在这条河上造一座桥。
They propose to begin tonight.
他们打算今晚开始。
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象, 倾向概念　
例如：I like swimming , but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
注意：如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：
　 　I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, require +doing表被动意义；+to do表示主动意思。
例如：The teacher wants us to clean the classroom immediately.
We need to clean the classroom.
The classroom needs to be cleaned.
The classroom requires cleaning.
11) can’t help +to do 不能帮助做某事
can’t help +doing 禁不住做某事

二．不定式作宾语补足语和状语
1. 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
谓 语 动 词(vt.)
+ 宾语 (人 / 物)
+不定式 (作宾语补足语)
ask(请) / tell(告诉) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) /
+sb. / sth.
+to do
make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助)
+sb. / sth.
+ do
（注：此为省略to的不定式）
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking. 妈妈叫我帮助她做饭。
I would like you to see my parents. 我想要你见见我的父母。
The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.
老板常让工人们一天工作14小时 。
Now let me hear you play the violin. 现在让我来听你拉小提琴。
注意：省略to的不定式做感官动词和使役动词的宾语补足语时，在改为被动语态时，to要还原。
例如：I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night.
注意：help之后作宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意。
试比较： I heard her crying when I walked past.
我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.
我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程)

注意：只有不定式和分词可以做宾语补足语。尽管动名词与现在分词的形式相同，但是动名词从本质上来讲，充当的是名词的功能，所以绝对不能做宾语补足语和状语。
试比较下列几组句子：
Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)

2.不定式还可以作状语。
1）目的状语　
To… only to (仅仅为了),　in order to,　so as to,　so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)　表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.　
A. sit　B. sit on　C. be seat　D. be sat on
答案：B.　如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

三．动名词的特殊句型
1) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
2) It is + useless + doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
3) There is no + doing...(there is no 表”不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4) There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/意义/坏处)
There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
There is no point asking his parents for the money, for they are poor.
向父母要钱是没有意义的，因为他们很穷。
There’s no sense in criticizing him. 批评他也没有用。
There’s no sense in waiting three hours. 等三小时是没有意义的。
There is no harm having a walk after your meal.饭后散步是没坏处的。
5) have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan. 我们执行计划有困难。
6) feel like + 名词/ 动名词 =would like to +原形动词 感觉像，想要
I feel like a newborn baby. 我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。
I feel like having a shower.=I would like to have a shower.
7) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations. 他们花了许多时间作准备。

四、动名词练习
1． ____ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to
convey your affection and emotions.（2014湖南）
A. Understanding B. To be understood
C. Being understood D. Having understood
2. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like _________ for a swim?（2014陕西）
A. to go B. going C go D. having gone
3. People couldn't help ____ the foolish emperor in the procession .
A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on
4. We're looking forward ____ the photo exhibition .
A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting
5. This sentence needs ____ .
A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved
6.— What are you going to do this morning ?
— I'm thinking of ____ to visit my aunt .
A. go B. going C. having gone D. my going
7. I really enjoy ____ that kind of job .
A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing
8. Only one of these books is ____ .
A. worth to read B. worth being read
C. worth of reading D. worth reading
9. I can't imagine ____ that with them .
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
10. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ____ .
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch

五、不定式练习
1. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.（2014北京）
A. solving B. solved C. being solved D.to be solved
2. ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought
and inner quietness.（2014湖南）
A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freeing
3. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______ a security officer. (2014山东)
A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs
4. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _________ id didn’t fit（2014天津）
A. to find B. found C. finding D. having found
5 Group activities will be organized after class __ children develop team spirit.（2014重庆）
A. helping B.having helped C. helped D. to help
6. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home.
A. go B. to go C. going D. went
7. Last summer I took a course on _____.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
8. I know him _____ a good basketball player while in college.
A. to have been B. to be C. was D. had been
9. I was surprised _____.
A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quickly
C. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly
10. Now we could not do anything but _____ for him here.
A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait
11. I don’t know her and I don’t _____.
A. want B. want to C. want it D. want so