托福ibt写作练习卓越大学英文网collegeenglishweb.ppt

按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,TOEFL-iBT,Independent Writing Task,獨立寫作,大綱,考試方法,評分標準與注意事項,評分範例,常見題型與試題匯整,練習方法,線上資源,何謂獨立寫作（,Independent Writing Task,）,?,寫作測驗包括整合寫作（,Integrated Writing Task,）與獨立寫作（,Independent Writing Task,）。前者要求應試者先閱讀一篇文章，再聆聽一段與文章內容有關的教授講課，隨後於,20,分鐘,內完成一篇,150,字,以上的短文，歸納教授講課的重點，並解釋這些論點如何質疑、挑戰、回應、支持或強化那篇文章的內容。,獨立寫作,則與舊制托福寫作類似，甚至考生會遇到的考題也是取自稍加修改的舊題庫而已，題目多半是教育、食、衣、住、行、運動、育樂、人生哲學等議題。題目出現後即開始計時，考生須在,30,分鐘,內，寫一篇,300,字,以上之短文，針對題目陳述個人的觀點，並以實際例子支持或解釋自己的論點。,*,寫作測驗皆以電腦輸入，不准手寫。,TOEFL-iBT,Writing,如何評分？,寫作部分共分兩道題,獨立題與整合題，兩篇作文皆由兩位教師批閱，若兩位教師的評分差距超過一分，則有第三位教師加入評分。每道題的分數皆由,0,分起算，最高,5,分。寫作的總分是根據兩道題的平均值（,Rubric Mean Score,），再按照下面的換算表換算成,030,的計分。,Writing,Rubric Mean,Scaled Score,Writing,Rubric Mean,Scaled Score,5.00,4.75,4.50,4.25,4.00,3.75,3.50,3.25,3.00,30,29,38,27,25,24,22,21,20,2.75,2.50,2.25,2.00,1.75,1.50,1.25,1.00,18,17,15,14,12,11,10,8,獨立寫作的評分要點：,文章發展（,development,）,:,文章要有足夠的內容發展以支撐你所提出的論點，應包含,案例、細節或原因,等詳細的說明。欲取得高分，你必須在文章中將充分表達自己的觀點，提供,適當的解說、例證或細節說明,。,架構（,organization,）,:,你所提出的意見必須與整篇文章的,主題（,topic,）與主旨（,the main idea,）,環環相扣。欲取得高分，應避免,贅詞,（重複的內容）、,離題,（與主旨不相關的論點）和,語意銜接不明,（缺乏清楚相關性的語意連結）。,評分要點,用字（,language use,）,:,文章的,句型結構應具有變化性,，,用字遣詞（,word choice,）要力求適當精確,。你的文章若是有太多文法錯誤和不當的用詞，以致讀者難以理解你的意思，將會嚴重影響分數。,*,寫作最重要除了文法（句型、單複數、冠詞、時態）還有,習慣用法。,平常練習寫作時，若只根據字典的中文定義自行組合詞語，很容易造出中式英文的句子，同學應時時,參考字典的例句,，以真正理解一個英文單字的意義。除了一般英英或英漢辭典，建議同學也要有一本好的,搭配詞辭典,，以求用字的精確性。,錯誤比率在,1%,不扣分,（如寫,300,字，有,3,個錯誤）,錯誤比率在,2%,扣,0.5,分（如寫,300,字，有,6,個錯誤）,錯誤比率在,3%,扣,1,分（如寫,300,字，有,9,個錯誤）,錯誤比率在,4%,扣,1.5,分（如寫,300,字，有,12,個錯誤）,錯誤比率在,5%,扣,2,分（如寫,300,字，有,15,個錯誤）,錯誤比率在,6%,扣,2.5,分（如寫,300,字，有,18,個錯誤）,文字錯誤扣分的一般原則：,以下是由主辦托福考試的,Educational Testing Service,（,ETS,）所提供的評分標準。,*,評分標準的中文說明請至群英網選修,98,上托福,iBT,寫作練習，點選,4-3TOEFL iBT,寫作評分標準的獨立題型,TOEFL,評分標準,。,獨立寫作的評分標準（,Independent WritingRubrics,）,分數,評分準則,5,An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:,effectively addresses the topic and task,is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,displays unity,progression,and coherence,displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and idiomaticity,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical error.,分數,評分準則,4,An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:,addresses the topic and task well,though some points may not be fully elaborated,is generally well organized and well developed,using appropriate and sufficient explanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails,displays unity,progression,and coherence,though it may contain occasional redundancy,digression,or unclear connections.,displays facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety and range or vocabulary,though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure,word form,or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning.,3,An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:,addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,displays unity,progression,and coherence,though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured,may demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning,may display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary,分數,評分準則,2,An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses:,limited development in response to the topic and task,inadequate organization or connection of ideas,inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications,explanations,or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task,a noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms,an accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage,1,An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:,serious disorganization or underdevelopment,little or no detail,or irrelevant specifics,or questionable responsiveness to the task,serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage,0,An essay at this level,merely copies words from the topic,rejects the topic,or is otherwise not connected to the topic,is written in a foreign language,consists of keystroke characters,or is blank.,ETS,提供的獨立寫作評分範例：,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?,A teachers ability to relate well with students is more important than,excellent knowledge of the subject being taught.,Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,I disagree,with the idea that the possessing the ability to relate well with student is more important than excellent knowledge of the subject being taught for a teacher.,There are several reasons why I disagree with that idea,.,First,teachers job is to educate their student with their knowledge,.The ability to relate well with their student is something a counselor should possess,not a teacher.Thats why the board of education gives an award to a teacher with an excellent knowledge of the subject they teach.Teachers who can get along with their students but have no knowledge can be popular and be liked by his or her students,however I dont consider a teacher with no knowledge a good teacher.,Second,Students go to schools because they want to learn knowledge from their teachers not to get along with their teachers,.I knew a math teacher who was well known among other mathematics teachers.Some students always complained how he never entertains his students which made many of his students to fall asleep.Nevertheless,all of his classes were all full even before the semester began because many students who were eager to learn already booked in.He won the Apples prize(its given to a noticed teacher annually)a couple of times and that enabled students to firmly believe in his way of teaching.,Thirdly,teachers are responsible for conceding their knowledge to their next generatio,n.Teachers already had an experience of getting advantaged education from college.Teachers should not let that previlege become useless and workless.We all learn because we want to become the better person that this world needs.Students will also eventually grow up to be influencing other people and teachers should volunteerily be their students role models.,For conclusion,I think the most important quality a teacher must have is an excellent knowledge of the subject they teach,not an ability to relate well with their students,.,SCORE OF 4,*,群英網的托福,iBT,寫作練習中有,15,分的評分範例說明。,Score Explanation:,This is a more traditional-looking essay that is organized with a point of view in the first paragraph stating the writers disagreement with the writing prompt,followed by three pieces of supporting reasons and examples.,The second paragraph makes the point that counselors are the ones who are supposed to relate to students and that teachers with no knowledge are not worthwhile as teachers.,In the third paragraph the writer tries to describe the fact that knowledge is important by stating that students wanted to take courses from a teacher who was known to possess special knowledge even though they knew the teacher was not entertaining.,The fourth paragraph contains the very interesting idea that teachers have the obligation to pass on what they have had the privilege of learning,but this paragraph in particular has a few problems with somewhat,unclear expression of concepts,:(1),errors of word choice in the word“conceding”,(not clear exactly what word is intended here)and in the term,“advantaged education”,(advanced education or advantages of education?)and(2)a problem with,unclear connection of ideas,(why is it said that“We all learn because we want to become the better person that this world needs?”).,Overall,this essay is,well organized,but the,slightly unclear connection of ideas and the language chosen,especially in the final paragraph,prevent this response from rising above the 4 level.,常見的獨立寫作題目形式：,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Use reasons and specific details to support your answer.,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Most experiences in our lives that seemed difficult at the time become valuable lessons for the future.Use reasons and specific examples to support our answer.,Some people believe X.Other people believe Y.Which of these two positions do you prefer/agree with?Give reasons and specific details.,Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends.Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience.Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life.Which do you think is preferable?Use specific examples to support your preference.,試題彙整；,群英網的托福,iBT,寫作練習中列有許多題目可供同學練習。,獨立寫作的考前準備技巧：,加強練習寫作,製作一張常見題目列表，並根據這些題目練習寫作。,針對每一個題目陳述自己的意見或偏好，然後以證據支持自己的論點。,練習構思計畫，每一個題目至少寫一篇文章，切記要在,30,分鐘內完成構思、書寫與修正等步驟。,改善獨立寫作的秘訣,內容方面：,動筆之前先思考並列出所有與題目相關的要點，這就是英文寫作非常重視的寫作前的暖身活動（,prewriting activities,）。,確定文章的主旨，並列出一些支持主旨的要點，再構思如何連結這些要點，例如，擬定大綱（,outlining,）即是組織要點的好方法。,寫出一個闡述文章中心思想的主旨句（,thesis statement,），利用主旨句發展所有相關的要點。,用適當的解說和細節詳述以發展整篇文章。,獨立寫作的考前準備技巧：,架構方面：,有系統地陳述自己的見解與論證，以展現思想的一致性與連貫性。,運用諸如換言之（,in other words,）或總之（,in conclusion,）等有效的轉折語（,transitional word/phrases,）來連結句子或想法，讓讀者清楚知道你的思考脈絡與文章結構。,用字方面：增加自己的字彙庫，熟悉同義字的字辨，以減少詞語的重複性。,學習英文單字的搭配用法，以求能夠使用正確的慣用語。,熟悉不同變化的句型結構，讓自己在寫作時能運用自如。,學習拼字、標點符號與段落編排的常規。,參考書目與網路資源：,張凱宏。,TOEFL-iBT,高分托福寫作,120 II,。台北：知英文化，,2007,。,網路資源,“,TOEFL-iBT Tips,”from,Educational Testing Service,.,“,TOEFL-iBT Sample Questions,”from,Educational Testing Service,.,“,Scoring Guides(Rubrics)for Writing Responses,”from,Educational Testing Service,.,線上英語自學中心,ce.etweb.fju.edu.tw/self_learning.html,更多资源,