外研版八年级英语(下)现在完成时的用法.doc

` 现在完成时的用法
一、 表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
例如：你读过那个故事吗？ Have you read that story?
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响为：是否知道故事中的内容）
我买了两个苹果。 I have bought two apples.
（“买”这一动作发生在过去对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果）
（一）、构成：“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”
（二）、句型结构：
肯定式：主语+have/has+ 过去分词+其它。
如： I have just come back from Qinzhou.
否定式：主语+have/ has not + 过去分词+其它。
如： I haven’t seen the TV play.
一般疑问句：Have/ has+ 主语+ 过去分词+其它?
如： Has Jack finished his homework?
回答：肯定：Yes, 主语 + have/has .
否定： No, 主语+ haven’t/ hasn’t.
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句？
如How long have you had the dog ?
[当堂检测] 完成下列句子：
1．李明还没看过这本书了。
Liming ______ ______ that book ______.
2. 他去看医生了吗？
______he______ ______ see the doctor?
3. 我非常高兴，因为我通过这次英语考试。
I am very happy, because I ______ ______ the English exam.
4. 你在这等了多久了?
______ ______ ______ you _____ here?

5. 妈妈把那本书弄丢了。
Mum_____ _____that book.
6.你去哪了？
Where_____you_____ ?
（三）、常与现在完成时态连用的几个副词： already，just多用于肯定句中, yet，ever，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。如：
1、I have already finished my homework. 我已经做完家庭作业。
2、 she has just had supper. 她刚吃过晚饭。
3、 Have you ever sung this English song? 你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？
4、They haven't done the homework yet. 他们还没有做作业。
5、 We have never seen an interesting film. 我们从来没有看过有趣的电影。
6、 We have just come home, and we had a wonderful weekend.
我们刚刚到家， 我们度过了一个愉快的周末。
7、Have you ever been to Guilin?
Yes, I have. I went there a month ago.
I have been there two or three times.
你到过桂林吗？——到过。我一个月前去过那里。 我去过那里两三次了。
8、You can come with us to the cinema when you have finished your homework.
你做完功课可以和我们一起 去看戏。
9、Most of them have already seen the movie. 他们中大多数人已经看过这部电影了。
10、How long have you lived here? 你住在这里多久了？

（四）、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
1、 一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系；
如：I finished reading the book three days ago.
2、 现在完成时表示某一完成动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。
如：I have finished reading the book now
用一般过去时的情况：
1).当有一个表示过去的时间状语, 如: last year , two days ago , yesterday , just now等时.
--When did he leave ?
--We weren’t in last night .
--She often came to help me When we were very young .
2). 单纯谈过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时.
--What did you have for your lunch?
--When did you have supper?
用现在完成时的情况：
1).当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状，如recently , these days , so far , up till now, in the past 3 years, by the end of…，for+ 一段时间 以及since引导的表示时间的状语从句时.
--We have learned a lot since we came to this school .
-- I haven’t slept very well these days.
2).若谈一件已发生的事，主要考虑它对现在的影响的。
-- Have you had your lunch?
-- Do you want more?
Thanks, I have had enough.
[即学即练]
用括号里适当的词填空：
1、We ___________(see) the film twice, we _____ it yesterday at school.
2、 —______ you ______ (read) the book before?
—Yes, I ______.
—When ______ you ______it?
—Last month.
3. Zhaoqing _____ (be) a small city 20 years ago, now it ______________ (become) famous all over the world.
3、有些时间状语，如this morning , tonight , this month等，可用于现在完成时或一般过去时，但它们表达的意义不一样。用于现在完成时则包括“现在”在内，而用于一般过去时则与现在无关。例如；
1). I have read this story this April .我今年四月份看过这个故事了。（讲话时仍然是四月份）
2).I read this story this April . 我今年四月份看的这个故事。（讲话时四月份已过）
3).I have written two letters this morning .今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时仍是上午）
4).I wrote two letters this morning . 今天上午我写了两封信。（讲话时已是下午或晚上）

Exercise:
—Why not go to see the film with me?
—Because I _________ it.
A、have seen B. will see
C. have saw D. saw
2. —Hello! Could I speak to Mr. King, please?
—Sorry, he’s ______ the supermarket.
been at B. been to
C. been on D. gone to
3. I ______ already _____ my homework, I _______ it last night.
have, finished, have finished
have , finished, finished
finished, have finished
4. —Have you ______ your breakfast?
—Yes, I have.
—When ____ you _____ it?
—1 hour ago.
had, have had B. do, have , had
C. had, did, have D. had, have, have

二、.表示过去某一时间开始并一直延续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去。常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间状语连用。
一段时间的表达方法有两种:
for + 一段时间: for a year , for two weeks, for three years
since + 过去的某一时刻: since last week.
一般过去时态的时间状语从句:
since you came since you got home.
1).They have lived here for ten years .
2). She has taught in this school since three years ago.
3).We have known each other since we were very young.

注意：用于这种用法中的动词必须是表示连续的动作或状态的词，
如：live、work、teach、study、stay、wait、know、be、have 、learn、wear、walk、sleep等，这类动词叫做“延续性动词”。
英语中还有另一种动词，如：die、buy、join、marry become、begin、fall、come、go、hear、die、close、open、leave、borrow、等，它们只表示短暂的动作，不能表示一个延续的状态，这类动词叫做“瞬间性动词”，它们可以用于现在完成时，但是不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
判断下列句子的正误：
1). He has died .（ ）
He has died for 2 years.（ ）
He has been dead for 2 years. （ ）
2). Helen has married. （ ）
Helen has been married for 5 years. （ ）
Helen has married for 5 years.（ ）
瞬间性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用, 但是他可以转换成相应的延续性动词.
1.直接用延续性动词
buy– have catch(get) a cold –have a cold borrow—keep arrive/come/go /become—be put on– wear get up— be up
2.转换成be+名词
join the army – be a soldier
join the Party –be a Party member
go to school– be a student
3．.转换成be+形容词或副词
die—be dead finish\end – be over begin—be on
leave—be away fall sleep – be asleep
close/open – be closed/open marry— be married
4．转换成 be+介词短语
go to school– be in school
join the army – be in the army
[当堂检测] 选择填空
1．The shop has been _______ for an hour.
A. close B. closing C. closed
2. How long have you _____ the book?
A. borrowed B. kept C. bought
3. They ________ Guangzhou for an hour.
A. left B. have left C. have been away from
4. I have ______ Foshan since ten years ago.
A. come to B. arrive in C. been in
5. I bought a computer ________.
A. for two days B. since two days ago C. two days ago
6．Class has been over __________.
A. just now B. for a moment C. a moment ago
7. I have come back _______.
A. for an hour B. yet C. Already
I __ the way. I __ here for quite many years.
A. knew…have lived B. knew…live
C. know…have lived D. know…live
2. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
A. Have…gone to B. Have…gone in
C. Have…been to D. Have …been in
3. My brother ____college for over three years.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been at
4. He ___ the Army by the end of 1989.
He ___ in the army since then.
A. joined…is B. has joined…has been
C. had joined…is D. had joined …has been
5. __ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we __ it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…did B. Have…copied…have
C. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…had
“Why ______ she _______ angry ?”
“Because he ___ at her just now .”
A. did…get…shouted B. has…got…shouted
C. did…get…has shouted
6. __you __ the film before ? Where __ you __ it ?
A. Have …seen…did…see
B. Did …see…have…seen
C. Have…seen…have…seen
7. You ____ me waiting for two hours.
I ____ for you since five.
A. kept…waited B. have kept…waited
C. kept…have waited D. have kept…have waited
Where __ John __ ?
To the library. He __ there for an hour.
A. has…been…has gone B. has…gone…has been
C. did…go…went D. did…be…went

A. 用 already 或 yet填空
Have they taken down the old pictures ______?
No, not ___________.
2) Most of us have finished our compositions ____.
3) He hasn’t visited the museum________.
B.用 since或 for填空
1) We have learned five lessons ____ the beginning
of this term.
2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital ______ last week.
3) I have stayed at my aunt’s _____ two weeks.
I have been here ______ 1999.
They have kept the books ____ one day.
It has been cold ______ two weeks ago.
We have learnt a lot ______ we came here.
C. 用have gone或 have been填空
1、Where are the boy students ?
They ___________ to the school factory.
2、Is your father in ?
No, he ______________ to Shenzhen.
_______he ever ______ there before ?
Yes, he _____________ there several times
3) He asks me if I _________ to Hangzhou before.
I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit
as I ______ never ______ to that city before.
4) My brother __________the Great Wall three times

把下列句子翻译成汉语：
1、 这只狗死了。

这只狗昨天死了。
.
这只狗一天前死了。

这只狗死了一天。

2、他们离开广州了。

他们两天前离开广州了。

他们自从两天前就离开广州了。/ 他们离开广州两天了。

3、戏剧开始了。

戏剧半小时前开始了。

戏剧开始半个小时了。

4、 我买了一台电脑。

自从我来到这里就买了一台电脑。