初中英语时态语态总结学案.doc

初中英语时态语态总结
英语中一共有十六种时态，初中阶段主要学习和考到八种时态，主要包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去将来时和过去完成时。

一、一般现在时
1.用法:
1）表示现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作或存在的状态、特征或客观真理。常用的时间状语有often ，usually ，sometimes ，always ，every day ，never ，in the morning，every week/day 等。
e.g. I get up at six every morning. （经常性动作）
He plays tennis once a week. （习惯性动作）
The sun rises in the east. （客观真理）
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school. （现在的状态）
2) 在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. If you don’t go soon, you’ll be late.
3) begin, come., go, leave, start, stop 等动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、规定将要发生的事情。
e.g. Class begins at eight in the morning.

2.构成：
1）主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，动词使用第三人称单数。
2）主语为第三人称和名词单数时：
肯定式:S+V/动词的第三人称单数
否定式:S+ don't/doesn't +V+其他
疑问式:Do/Does+S+V+其他
简略回答:(肯)Yes,S+do/does
(否)No,S+do/does not

主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I am a student.
We/You/ They are students.
He/ She is a student.

I / We/ You/ They/ like music.
Many people like music.
I am not a student.
We/You/ They are not students.
He/ She is not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music.
Many people don’t like music.
Are you a student.

Are you/ they students?
Is he/ she a student?

Do you/ they like music?
Do many people like music?
3） 当主语是第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数时：
肯定式: S + be +···
否定式: S+ be +not + ···
疑问式: Am /Is /Are + S+ ···?
简略回答: (肯) Yes,S + be.
(否) No,S + be.

真题：
1. ——Can your father drive? (08 武汉)
——Yes, and he usually to school.
A drove B is driving C drives D has driven
2. If I find his phone number, I you. (09 北京)
A tell B told C will tell D have told
3. The teacher told the students that the earth round, not flat. (08 天津)
A is B was C has been D is being

二、一般过去时
1. 表示过去某段时间发生的事，存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作时用一般过去时。常用于一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979等。
2. 用法：
1） 过去发生的动作。
e.g. The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2） 过去存在的状态。
e.g. They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3）be used to doing 表示过去常常做某事。也是一般过去时的标记。
e.g. She was used to feeding the cats in the yard.
3. 构成：
S+V-ed
1）用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况
+ed
以e字母结尾的辅音
+d
以辅音字母＋y结尾
去y变i＋ed
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写词尾字母+ed

2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I was a student.
We/You/ They were students.
He/ She was a student.

I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.
Many people liked music.
I was not a student.
We/You/ They were not students.
He/ She was not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music.
Many people didn’t like music.
Were you a student.
Were you/ they students?
Was he/ she a student?

Did you/ they like music?
Did many people like music?

真题：
1. Yesterday，Tony’s family a good time. (08 泸州)
A has B have C had
2. We were in Qingdao last week and great fun there. (08 北京)
A will have B have had C had D have
3. My grandmother us stories when I was young. ( 09 锦州)
A was used to tell B is used to telling C are used to tell D was used to telling

三、一般将来时
1.用法：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于一般将来时的时间状语：tomorrow，next week，in 2008等。
1）将要发生的动作。
e.g. I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
2）将要存在的状态。
e.g. This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3）打算要做的事。
e.g. Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
4）come，go, start, move, sail 等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。
e.g. The whole family is going for two months.
5) 在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. If you don’t go soon, you’ll be late.

2.构成：
1）助动词will(shall)+v
2）be +going to +v

3. will 和 be going to 的区别：
1） 表示带意愿色彩的将来用will。
e.g. I will stay with you in the future.
2) 询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请和命令时用will。
e.g. Will you go to the park with me?
Will you please open the door?
3) 表示客观的将来，用will。
e.g. I will be 22 years old next year.
4) be going to常用于口语中用来表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. We’re going to help some farmers with their work.
5) 表示打算或准备要做的事用be going to
e.g. She’s going to leave at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
6) 根据某种迹象判断可能要发生的事用be going to。
e.g. Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.

真题：
1. —— Why are you in such a hurry, Mike? ( 09 福州)
—— There an NBA basketball game in ten minutes.
A will have B will be C is going to have D are going to be
2. In five years, I a doctor. ( 08 泸州)
A will be B was C am
3. If they come, we a meeting.
A have B will have C had D would have

四、现在进行时
1. 用法：
1）说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。常用于现在进行时态的时间状语：now ,look, listen等。
e.g. She is having a bath now.
2）现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。
e.g. You are working hard today.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
The population of the world is growing very fast.
3）频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。
e.g. He is always trying out new ideas.
4）表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。
e.g. The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock..
5) “系动词+介词/副词” 表示正在进行的动作。
e.g. He is at work.
6) 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如hope, smell, hear, see等一般不用进行时态。

2. 构成：
be+ v-ing
1）v-ing现在分词的构成：
一般情况
cook-cooking
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing
make-making, taste-tasting
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时.
run-running, stop-stopping,
2)肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句 ： S+be +V-ing
否定句：S+be+not + V-ing
一般疑问句：Is(Are)+S+V-ing？
特殊疑问：wh_+ be + S + V-ing?

主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I am driving.
He/She/It is working.
We/You/They are doing something.

I am not driving.
He/She/It is not working.
We/You/They are not doing anything.

Are you driving?
Is he/she/it working?
Are you/they doing something?

真题：
1. Mr. Green to the manager now. You’d better call him later. ( 09 北京)
A talk B is talking C talked D was talking
2. Everything on the earth all the time.
A is changing B is changed C has changed D has been changed
3. Be quiet, please. The students a class now. (08 长春)
A have B had C are having D were having

五、过去进行时
1.用法：
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常用于过去进行时的时间状语有at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
e.g. This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
2.构成：
was / were +v-ing

3. 一般过去时和过去进行时的区别：
1）一般过去时：强调过去某个时候曾有过某个动作（已经完成的）。
2）过去进行时：强调动作在过去的某个时候或某个时间段内正在进行（是否完成不明确）。
e.g. Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.
Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.

真题：
1. —— Were you at home at 7 o’clock last night? (09 宁波)
—— Yes, I a shower at that time.
A took B am taking C was taking D was taken
2. The boy down the street when the UFO landed. ( 09 仙桃)
A walks B walk C is walking D was walking
3. I my homework while my parents TV last night. (06 南京)
A did; have watched B was doing; were watching
C had done; were walking D would do; were watching

六、现在完成时
1. 用法：
1)表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, just, ever, never, before等副词连用。
e.g. She has never read this novel.
2)表示“过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用。
e.g. I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
3) 在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词（die, arrive, close, become, come, fall, leave, go, lose, give, jump），应用与之相应的表示状态的词。
e.g. (F)He has died for 3 years.
(T)He has been dead for 3 years.
4) 当表示动作、状态持续时用延续性动词（work, stand, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, read, sleep）。延续性动词一般不与表示“点”的时间状语连用。
e.g. We have studied English for three years.
(F)It rained at eight yesterday morning.
(T)It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
2. 构成：
1) have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
肯定句：S+ have（has）+V-ed
否定句：S+ have（has）+not(haven’t,hasn’t)+V-ed
一般疑问句：Have(Has)+ S+V-ed+？
特殊疑问句：wh_+have(has)+ S+V-ed+？
主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I /We/You/ They have been here before.
He/ She has been here before.
.I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film.

I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before.
He/ She hasn’t been here before .
.I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film.
Have you/ they been here before?
Has he/ she been here before?
Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?

3. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1） 侧重点不同。现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时只是一种过去的时态，与现在无关。
e.g. Yesterday I went to the zoo.
Li Lei has read the book.
2) 标记的时间状语不同。
现在过去时：already, yet, still, just, so far, before, ever, never, since+一段时间，for+一段时间。
一般过去时：ago, yesterday, last year, in 2000, just now.
e.g. Have you ever picked flowers or stepped on the grass in a park?
Father bought that watch ten years ago.

4. have been to, have gone to, have been in 的区别
1）have been to表示过去曾去过某地，现在已经不在该地了。常与just, ever, never等连用，后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。
e.g. He has been to Guangzhou for three times.
——Have you ever been to the United States?
——Yes, twice.
2）have gone to表示到某地去了，说话时该人不在说话地点，或者已到该地，或在途中。一般主语不用第一、第二人称。
e.g. ——Where is Mrs. Smith?
——She isn’t here. She has gone to England.
3）have been in表示已经在某地待了多久。常跟for+一段时间，表示在某地待了多长时间。
e.g. ——Have your sister been in China for a long time?
——Yes. She went there five years ago.
David has been in Shanghai for more than three months.

真题：
1. —— How do you like Beijing, Mr. Smith?
—— Oh, I such a beautiful city before.
A don’t visit B didn’t visit C haven’t visited D hadn’t visited
2. She as an animal trainer since 2003. (09 北京)
A has worked B works C will work D worked
3. —— Is Mr. Green at home? ( 09 黔东)
—— No, he Shanghai.
A has been to B has gone to C is going to
4. ——Where is Zhang Ming? (10.湖南)
——Oh，don’t you know he to Beijing to see his parents and he’ll be back tomorrow.
A. has gone B. has been C. had gone
5. ——Jack，I haven’t seen your brother for a long time. (09,福建)
—— He Shanghai on business for two months.
A went to B. has gone to
C. has been in D. has been to

七、过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，“从过去看将来”，常用于宾语从句。
1. 用法：
1） 主句为一般过去时，宾语从句表示将要发生的事情。
e.g. Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.
2) 叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将会发生的事。
e.g. It was on Sunday afternoon, Tom was going to start work the following week.
2. 构成：
1）助动词would(should)+v
2）was/were +going to +v

真题：
1. Daddy promised me he me a computer.
A was bought B had bought C bought D would buy
2. The teacher said she some books to the class in the afternoon. ( 08 绵阳)
A would bring B will bring C bring D brought
3. Jenny said she her holiday in China.
A spent B would spent C was going to spent D would spend

八、过去完成时
1. 用法：
1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。在时间上表示“过去的过去”，常与by/before+过去时间构成的介词短语连用。
e.g. She said she had seen the film 4 times.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2）常与before/when引导的一般过去时的从句连用。
e.g. When Mr. Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
3）常出现的时间状语有till，until then等。
e.g. She told me she had been ill recently.
4）表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用。
e.g. She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
2. 构成：
肯定式：had + V_ed
否定式：hadn’t + V_ed
疑问式：Had … + V_ed
简略回答：Yes, S + have/has had.
No, S + had

真题：
1. The teachers the office for a few minutes when we arrived. We didn’t meet them. (09 常州)
A had been away from B had left C have been away from D have left
2. They about eight hundred English words by the end of last term. (09 广州)
A will learn B had learned C are going to learn D have learned
3. Mr. Wang dinner when we got to his house. (07 青岛)
A had boiled B had made C had kept

语态
所谓语态，就是说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。分两种形式： 主动语态：句中的主语是动作的执行者或发出者。 被动语态：句中的主语是动作的承受者或接受者。 
语态的考查是全国各地中考的热点，也是初中必须掌握的语法之一。 我们重点学习被动语态。 
• 实际上, 英语中的被动式就相当于汉语表达中的”把字句和被字句”.即:“把－－－怎样”；“－－被怎样”．初中阶段我们学习的被动式结构，归纳如下：
 一般现在时的被动式： 
结构：am /is / are + Ved(过去分词） 
例句：My brother asks me to clean the windows.  (主动句句式) 步骤： 
１）．找到主动句中的宾语，如果有双宾语（间宾／直宾），把间宾作为被动句中的主语． 
２）．确定主动句中的动词时态． ３）．对应变换为被动结构． 
４）．有时，主动句中的主语在被动式中可省略．
被动式：I am asked to clean the windows by （my brother）. 
现在完成式的被动式： 
结构：主语＋have / has + been +Ved. 
例句：We have finished our homework already. 
改：Our homework has been finished already (by us )   
现在进行时的被动式： 
结构： am / is / are + being Ved 
例句：Look, the students are playing basketball in the open air.
 Basketball is being played by the students in the open air . 
I am asked to clean the windows by （my brother）. 
现在完成式的被动式： 
结构：主语＋have / has + been +Ved. 例句： 
We have finished our homework already. 
改：Our homework has been finished already (by us )   
现在进行时的被动式： 
结构： am / is / are + being Ved 例句： 
Look, the students are playing basketball in the open air. 
Basketball is being played by the students in the open air . 

一般过去时的被动式： 结构：was / were + Ved  
例句：We cooked the lunch an hour ago . 
改：The lunch was cooked ( by us ) an hour ago . 
We didn’t make the model plane. 
The model plane wasn’t made by us. 
过去进行时的被动式： 
结构：was / were + being + Ved 
例句： He was watching TV when I called him last night. 
TV was being watched by him when I called him last night . 
过去完成式的被动式：
 结构：had +been+ V ed 
例句：By the end of last term , we had learned about eight hundred English words .
 About eight hundred English words had been learned by us ,by the end of last term . 一般将来时的被动式： 
结构：will / be going to + be Ved 例句： 
Mr. John will  complete the project tomorrow .
The project will be completed tomorrow.
含有情态动词的被动式： 
结构:Modal Verb + be + V-ed  
1. should + be +V-ed “---应该被做” 2.must + be + V-ed “---必须被做” 3. might + be + V-ed “---可能被做” 4. can / could + be + V-ed “---能被做”
 特别提醒： 
１．谓语是由动词短语构成的，变被动语态时，不能把它们分开 The baby is taken good care of by his grandma . Take care of 是一个完整的动词短语，不能分开。 
２．意思是“发生”的动词：happen / take place . 不能变成被动语态。 Great changes have taken place in the past few years .
 3. 只有及物动词才能变成被动式。 
总之，我们在做题时，首先问问自己：句子的主语与后面的动词之间是什么关系？如果是动作的承受者或接受者，则选择用被动式。尤其是现在的中考题目不是以简单的语法考查出现，而是把要考的语法知识融会在一定的语境中，此时，同学们要长个心眼，不要大意失荆州。
 中考连接： 
1）  --- What do you think of the football match yesterday ?--- well, it’s surprising . The strongest team of our school ________.   
A. was beaten   B. won   C. scored    D. was failed    
2）When and where to go for the holiday ______ yet . ( 2003 呼和浩特 )  
A. are not decided               B. have not been decided  C. is not being decided          D. has not been decided  
3）--- Alice , you _____________ on the phone .  ( 2003  杭州 )     --- I’m coming. Thanks.  
    A. want      B. are wanted   C. are wanting    D. have wanted  
4）A new shoe factory wil