雅思阅读强化段笔记.doc

雅思阅读介绍与基本技巧
一、 雅思考试基本情况介绍
1．时长：入场8：00-8：30
候考 8：30-9：00
听力 9：00-9：30+10mins
阅读9：50-10：50-5mins
写作11：00-12：00
口语11-14mins
考试之前，最好真题要做两遍，按照笔记上的技巧来做，如果来不及做，就调些文章来精读积累
九分达人：雅思阅读真题还原
2．阅读考试：
a. 文章难度分配与考查点
Passage 1: 报纸，杂志，期刊，考察的是搜寻定位的能力，考察考生的眼力，文章简单，题目简单，17-18分钟完成

Passage 2：欧洲本科生硕士研究生的教材，考察的是总结大意的能力，文章略难，题目是三篇中最难，20分钟完成

Passage 3：科普文，考察的是对观点的理解能力，文章是三篇中最难的，题目略难，18-19分钟完成

b. 题目：40questions
1. table completion / notes / diagram / flowchart ▲◆
2. short-answer questions▲◆
3. sentence completion ▲◆
4. multiple choice▲◆：1.单选---细节，大意，观点； 2.多选
5. List of heading▽◇
6. summary▲：1. 填空型◆； 2. 选择型◇
7. TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN or YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN▲◆
8. Matching▽◆ 1. 句末匹配▲；2.观点匹配▽；3.信息匹配▽；Classification▽◆

c. 雅思阅读答题顺序
答题的篇章顺序是1-3-2，但是若有同学是对题型不敏感而是对篇章话题敏感的话，请选择你最感兴趣的那篇先做（拿C7的test1和test2做实验，看自己属于那种类型）
答题的篇内顺序是：先有序▲，后无序▽，先细节◆，后大意◇
二、 IELTS阅读评分标准
Number of correct Reading answers
IELTS band score
39-40
9.0
37-38
8.5
35-36
8.0
33-34
7.5
30-32
7.0
27-29
6.5
23-26
6.0
20-22
5.5
16-19
5.0
三、影响考试成绩的因素
1. Basic language skills
i) Word study --- stems , affixes, prefixes + context clues guessing
ii) Sentence study ----a. identify the S. V. + O. of the sentence.
b. What to read(题目) + how to read(技巧)
填空题或者是选择题：问什么就找什么
选择题的题目问的是what/who: n/doing---主语，宾语，表语
选择题的题目问的是what do: v---谓语
选择题的题目问的是how: 介词短语，adj.---状语，表语
选择题的题目问的是why: 原因，结果，目的---状语
填空题的题目缺啥成分就找啥成分：
For example, desert annuls germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. Regardless adj/adv 否定词
Desert annuals respond to rainfall as a signal for reproduction.
N
A,B and/or C一定是并列关系，词性一致
When(ever), what(ever), how(ever), where(ever), who(ever)/whom(ever), that, which, whose以上这些词已出现，这个句子里一定包含一个主句一个从句，也就是一定会有两个谓语或者是谓语组合存在。

其他题型则不需要找成分，因为修饰词比如形容词，副词，状语一般都是废的只找句子的主谓宾，主系表，主谓，主谓宾宾补，主谓宾2宾1

四、阅读技巧：Scanning
Scanning：Look quickly to get the key words
关键词分三类：
特殊关键词：大写字母，数字，斜体，黑体，引号，连字符，专业名词---AA重现---不变/变词性---定位词---帮你确定答案的位置，但是不帮你确定答案是什么
普通关键词：句子的主干---名词，动词，形容词--AB重现---同义转换/近义转换/指代相同，意思不同---get答案---考察你的词汇，句法等基础水平（做真题后做AB重现的积累）
含义关键词：句子中或者是句子间的结构词---并列，递进，转折，因果，目的…---关系重现/关系转换
题目：Industrialization has led to pollution problems.
原文:Most forms of environmental pollution are associated with industrialization.
题目：Zoos have been carefully inspected.
原文：One would assume that these zoos have been examined, but it is actually not the fact.
五、英语阅读常见结构词
表原因：result from, due to, on the account of, because of, because, as, for, since, as a result of, owe to, attribute to, thanks to…

表结果：result in, therefore, thereafter, hence, thus, so, so that, contribute to, consequently, as a consequence, as a result, affect, cause, account for…

表目的：in order to, for, to, intend to, so as to, purpose, aim at/to, intention, attempt to, target, goal, so that.

表转折：but, yet, however, instead
假如，转折前后所讲的内容对象一致，只看后面，假如，转折前后所讲的内容和对象不一致，则看题目问什么

表让步：although， though， even if， even though， while， rather than， instead of， in spite of, despite 出现这些词，一般废话句

表有关系：associate with, link to, relate to, involve in/with, connect with/to, be bound up with(C4T2P1LOST FOR WORDS), be critical for…

表并列：and, together with, couple with, as well as, with, besides, apart from, not only…but also…如果原文出现并列，选项一定不能只讲其中一个。

六、雅思阅读答题三原则：
1. 2/3原则：题目划出来的关键词在原文一定要2/3以上重现才是答案句。
2. 3句原则：题目划出来的关键词在原文重现处，答案不超3句。
3. 靠后原则：关键词重现处，答案一般靠后，有以下情况答案可能靠前，但也只是前一句：关键词本身是时间，地点，或者是人名作为被动语态的施动者，或者是因果转换

七、雅思阅读注意点
1. 必须仔细看instruction。每道题型的指引要求都不同，同种题型的要求也可能不同。
2. 细节题需要定位，大意题不需要

雅思阅读填空题

I 填空题题型：
1. Table completion
↖
← 冲五分
↙
2. Short answer question
3. Note completion
4. Diagram completion
↖ ↗搜寻定位
← 保五分
↙ ↘结构转换
5. Flow-chart completion
6. Sentence completion
7. Summery completion

II. 填空题注意点
1. 有字数限制，有些时候，名词有修饰词，按着字数往前数抄下来就行，也就是假如有三个修饰词，加上名词就是四个词，然后题目要求是不多于三个字，那么只写名词和它前面的最靠近它的两个

2. 答案不改写直接抄

3. 猜测答案的词性，单复数，是否元音开头，数字的单位

4. 留意动介搭配，介宾搭配

III. 填空题答题顺序
1. 看指引定字数，有时候还是定段落。
2. 看懂结构
3. 猜测答案的形式
4. 圈关键词去原文定位
5. 按照阅读答题三原则去找答案
N1 of n2
1. Table Completion表格题
假如题目中出现很多的时间或者人名，则这个填空题很可能会分布在全文，但是如果这些这么明显的关键词，表格题一般在一，最多两段内出所有答案。

作业：C4T1P2 WHAT DO WHALES FEEL? 15-21题
练习：
Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, know as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light— Opticks—in English.
There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.
Complete the table.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in box 1-3
Science written in the first half of the 17th century
Language used
Latin
English
Type of science
Original （adj）
1. (adj)
Example
2. (n.)
Encyclopedias (n.)
Target audience
International scholars
3. (adj) ,but socially wider

2.Short Answer Question简答题
作业：C4T1P2 WHAT DO WHALES FEEL? 22-26题
印刷有问题的那半句follow from under the water?
练习：
The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $960 million, but the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that ensue from holding such an international event by emulating the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Game in 1984.
At precisely 4:20 a.m. on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?
There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $1 million below the revised budget and $ 5 million below the original budget of $29 million formulated in mid-1991. However, the final cost was the considerable sum of $24 million, the bulk of which was paid for by corporate and community contributions, merchandising, licensing, and the proceeds of lotteries, with the NSW Government, which had originally been willing to spend up to $10 million, contributing some $2 million. The Federal Government’s grant of $5 million meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer.
Refer to the reading passage headed “Sydney 2000 Olympics”, and answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. How many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games?
数字：Six
2. What was the cost of the revised budget for the Sydney bid?
货币符号+金钱+单位：$ 25 million
3. As a result of the Federal Government’s $5 million grant, who also contributed towards the bid?

3.Note completion笔记填空
练习：
Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman are about £20,000 (approx. US $30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oil rig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency, result in millions of pounds of damages or loss of life. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low job satisfaction, lack of organizational commitment and employee stress, which affect organizational outcomes i.e. productivity, high labor turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e. physical, psychological and mental well-being.
Complete the notes below with words taken from the paragraph above. Use NO MORE THAN ONE or TWO WORDS for each answer.
Poor person-environment fit
↓
i. Low job satisfaction
ii. Lack of organizational commitment
iii. Employee stress
↙ ↘
(2)
(1)

↓ ↓
a. low production rates
b. high rates of staffchange
c. (3)
a. poor health
b. poor psychological health
c. poor mental health

4. Diagram completion示意图填空
*示意图题有一定的结构（框架层次）和内部的关系（因果、递进、时间或空间的变化等）
*要根据示意图的结构逐层回原文找句子的重现
*关键词会非常少，但是一般都会有特殊关键词
*假如同一个大题中的不同小题出现一样的关键词，说明这是特殊关键词来的。
练习：

5. Flow chart completion流程图填空
*流程图通常有明显的时间空间顺序或者明确事件发生过程
*要根据流程图的顺序结构逐层回原文找句子的重现
*关键词少的时候一般是特殊关键词
*不要相信题号和箭头的方向，会骗人
*留意同一个step的内容，并列，递进要分清
then they remove 1/3 of the upper beaks with a heated blade.
3. A blade is heated
↓
4. remove some of the upper beaks
流程图会出现一些特征词：production， procedure，produce， stage， step…
若没有以上的词，就找流程图里面的特殊关键词去定位，答案一般都在一段中出现
called=named=namely=is=be known as=be referred to as=define=signify
e.g.=such as=like=i.e.=for example=for instance
练习：

Complete the flow-chart
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Wrtie your answers in the boxes 4-8

6. Sentence completion句子填空
*细读句子，抓出主干
*根据句子成分预测所缺部分的词性
*圈出关键词并默记心中
*带着关键词在原文查找相关信息
*用S+V+O确定找到句子是否答案句
*从答案句中找出意思上和词性上与所缺部分吻合的答案填于空格处

练习：

雅思阅读选择题
I. Multiple choice 类型
1). specific information------scanning1/3
2). general information------skimming1/3
3). Writer’s view/opinion/attitude---intensive reading1/3
II. 选项设置
A．正确：一般是答案句的AB，或者是关系重现
B．错误：一般是答案局的相反或者相异的表达（最容易排除）
C．干扰：一般是有部分跟原文重现，但是根本非问题所问（最难排除，方法是不要脱离题目）
D．酱油：压根原文没有提及
***选项一般就是一个正确项与三个任意非正确项的组合***
III. 答题顺序
1.先看题目划出关键词(段落标志>定位词>关键词)，确定要找的对象是什么
2.分析选项并划好关键词（特别注意有特殊结构词的选项和有绝对词及比较级的选项）
3.带着题干的关键词去原文定位（选择题通常多数是一段一题）
4.关键词出现的地方当句或者后两句找答案，先确定有没有关系重现（也就是结构转换）
5.找最贴近原文答案句，最完整的选项
IV. 注意点
1. 选择题的选项也要划关键词，用来对答案不是用来locate答案
The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a “natural” variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue, scientists—an inhabitant of low-lying coastal areas—would like to know the extent of sea level rises.
Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the ocean as passive, stationary and one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea—including vast and complex ocean currents—suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted.
1. Scientists do not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are rising because: 原因 C
A. there is too much variability NG
B. there is not enough variability NG
C. they have not been recording these temperatures for enough time
D. the changes have only been noticed for 100 years. F
2. New research leads scientists to believe that: 观点 D
A. the oceans are less complex
B. the oceans are more complex
C the oceans will rise more than expected
D. the oceans will rise less than expected
believe=think=suppose=suggest=assume=claim=argue(for)=
in one’s opinion=agree with=assert=所有的情态动词 都表观点句

2. 在选择题里，关系重现很重要，所谓的关系重现，就是原文出现的因果关系，并列关系，递进关系和转折关系，在题目的选项中都非常重要。
例如：原文出现了…and…, 选项必须是A+B的形式
Even though earthquake prone countries spend enormous human and financial resources on seismographic measurement, as a means of predicting earthquakes, there is a danger in paying too much heed to seemingly high risk zones and erecting less stable buildings solely because of their being in a low risk zone. /Prior to the earthquake, Kobe was not regarded as at serious risk, but after the disaster, investigation of the damage revealed that nearly all deaths occurred in small buildings that shattered rather than twisted when stressed. Coupled with the problem of soft soils, the buildings had little firm support and many crumbled. If countries wish to withstand/resist the devastating forces of substantial earthquakes and reduce death, injury and property damage, it is important to design and construct buildings that are earthquake resistant, as well as monitor seismic forces.
1. It is now believed that: 找观点，知道问什么但是没有关键词，要借助选项来定位
A. low-risk zones are relatively safe.原文是危险，错误
B. high-risk zones are more dangerous than low-risk zones.比较级没有重现，干扰
C. low-risk zones may in fact be very dangerous due to poorly constructed buildings.
D. high-risk zones have stable buildings.打酱油
2. Soft soils:只有关键词但是不知道要问什么，借助选项分析问题所在
A. together with poorly constructed buildings and being in high-risk zones greatly contribute to earthquake devastation.
B. cause earthquake. 傻逼项
C. cause buildings to twist rather than shatter. 错误项
D. crumble buildings. 干扰
3. Seismologists:
A. can predict the potential destruction of a city by an earthquake.
B. cannot predict where an earthquake may occur.
C. had been investigating Kobe’s potential for an earthquake and had warmed the inhabitants.
D. could work with other professionals to understand and try to minimize the level of death and injury caused by major earthquake.
3. 在选择题里，凡是看到quote/cite/use an example to illustrate…,答案通常在例子前一句,例子本身不做答案
HW: C8T4P1P2 的选择题
判断题解题技巧
I．True/False/Not Given or Yes/No/Not Given identification
*答案必须完整填写，不允许写T/F/NG 或者是Y/N/NG
*要看清楚是True/False 还是Yes/No
*此类判断题型可以分两种，一种是对事实的判断（纠结型），一种是对观点的判断（求其型）

II．True/False/Not