初中英语名词专项讲解.doc

名词
一 导入：有一天，一只老钟对一只小钟说：“你一年里要摆525600下啦。”

小钟吓坏了，说“哇，这么多，这怎么可能？！我怎么能完成那么多下呢！”

这时候，另一只老钟笑着说：“不用怕，你只需一秒钟摆一下，每一秒坚持下来就可以了。”

小钟高兴了，想着：一秒钟摆一下好像并不难啊，试试看吧。果然，很轻松地就摆了一下。

不知不觉一年过去了，小钟已经摆了525600下！

很简单的故事，却寓意着深刻的道理，当我们面对大困难的时候，往往望而怯步，孰不知只要根据实际，分期制定小目标，一一完成就行了。

二 专题讲解：

掌握要点：
名词的分类（专有名词和普通名词）
名词的数 1）区分可数名词和不可数名词，区分方法
2）可数名词的复数变化，分为规则变化及不规则变化
名词所有格 含义、构成 两种形式：’s所有格及of所有格
知识点：
一、名词的分类
1.专有名词：名字(人名、地名、书名、机构名)、与国家有关的(国家、国民、语言)、日期（节日、星期、月份）
例句：My name is Lucy. I am a Chinese. I will go to the Great Wall on Monday.
2.普通名词: 包括可数名词和不可数名词
个体名词 表示个体的人或事物 例: sister、table、bike、window
可数名词
集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物 例: family、police、class、group

物质名词 表示构成物体的物质或材料 例: water、air、wood
不可数名词
抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等 例: danger、interest
区分方法：将物体分成两半，如果每半不能叫原名，则为可数名词，如果还可叫原名，则为不可数名词。
注：有些单词意义发生变化，单复数也发生变化，例：glass作玻璃杯时可数，作玻璃时不可数。
身兼二职的名词对照表

glass
fish
chicken
time
可数
玻璃杯
鱼类
小鸡
次、倍
不可数
玻璃
鱼肉
鸡肉
时间

orange
light
paper
hair
可数
橘子
电灯
报纸/试卷
（几根）头发
不可数
橘汁
光
纸
头发

exercise
idea
life
work
可数
练习题
主意/意见
生命
著作
不可数
锻炼
了解
生活
工作

turkey
radio
youth
experience
可数
火鸡
收音机
青年人
经历
不可数
火鸡肉
无线电
年轻、青春
经验

interest
room

可数
爱好
房间

不可数
兴趣
空间

【注意】
（1） family, class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭/族成员或班级成员时视为复数；
（2） 部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：
① police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。The police(主语)+谓语动词复数
② people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)…people+谓语动词复数
people指民族，有单、复数变化 e.g. fifty-six peoples 五十六个民族

二、名词的单复数形式
(1) 规则变化：
名词的复数构成，通常是在单数形式后面加-s或-es
1、 一般情况在词尾直接加s , 例 bags。
2、 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的词加-es，例bus-buses box-boxes。
3、 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，y变成i加-es 例 city-cities；以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加s。
4、以o结尾的除potato(马铃薯)、tomato(西红柿)、hero(英雄)加es，其余直接加s。
5、以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v加es, roof、proof直接加-s
例 life-lives wife-wives roof –roofs。
(2)不规则变化
1、单词拼写发生变化man-men woman-women policeman-policemen foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice child-children
2、某国人变复数，口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面
例：an Englishman-Englishmen an American-Americans
3、单复数形式相同 常用分以下几类：
表示动物的名词
deer 鹿，fish 鱼，sheep 绵羊，bison 野牛，crab 螃蟹
表示人的名词
Chinese 中国人，Japanese 日本人，Swiss瑞士人，kin 亲属
craft及由-craft构成的名词
craft 飞机，aircraft 飞机， spacecraft 太空船
表示数量的名词
Hundred百，thousand千，million百万，dozen一打， score 二十
其他
series 系列；species种类；means方法

(3)不可数名词一般只用单数，它不能与a/an及数次搭配使用。表示数量时用量词搭配。
例：a cup of coffee(一杯咖啡) two glasses of milk两杯牛奶)
three pieces of paper(三张纸) four bottles of water(四杯水)

三、名词所有格
含义：名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。
表示形式：一种是’s所有格，一种是of所有格
Beijing is China’s capital.= Beijing is the captital of China.
This is Tom’s bike = This is the bike of Tom.
Lily is the key’s owner.= Lily is the owner of the key.
1、 ’s所有格构成
单数名词及不以s结尾的复数名词，只需在词尾加’s，如 Lucy’s pen路西的钢笔Children’s Day（儿童节）；以s结尾的复数名词，只加 ’ , 如the students’ books 学生们的书。

2、几个人共有的东西，只需在最后一个人的名词后加’s, 如 Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和莉莉的卧室)。表示各自所有，则每个名词都加’s, 如 Lucy’s and Lily’s desks(露西的桌子和莉莉的桌子)。

3.of 所有格：
1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。
the map of China the door of the room
2).双重所有格：
of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物住代词
He is a friend of my _________(brother ) .
Is she a daughter of __________(you)?

典型例题讲解
1. They got much _____ from those new books.
A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.
A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges
C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges
3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to his home .
A. 25 minutes’ walk B. 25 minute’s walk
C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk
4. An old _______ wants to see you.
A. people B. person C. the people D. the person
5. Help yourself to __________.
A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple
C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples
6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.
A. room’s number B. rooms’ number C. room numbers D. rooms’ numbers
7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________.
A. family B. house C. home D. room
8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .
A. Mary and Peter’s B. Mary and Peter
C. Mary’s and Peter D. Mary’s and Peter’s
9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.
A. her uncle B. her uncle’s C. her uncles D. aunt’s
10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ___ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience
C. an experience D. a lot experience
11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.
A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister’s
12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________.
A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans
C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen
13.The team ________ having a meeting .
A. is B. are C. am D. be
14. “Would you like _________?” “________, please.”
A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees
C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees
15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.
A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions
C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions

三 巩固训练：
1. This is ___ reading-room.
A. the teacher’s B. teacher’s C. teacher’s D. the teachers’
2. Nothing was found but ___ broken.
A. the room window B. the room’s window C. the room of the window D. the window of room
3. How many___ would you like?
A. paper B. bread C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread
4. He was praised for his ___.
A. brave B. bravery C. bravely D. great brave
5. Please get me a new ___ when you go to town.
A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers
6. There are 34 doctors in the hospital.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
7. Some___ are even thinner than your little finger.
A. bamboo B. bamboos C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos
8. He was born in this town and now he lives in ___.
A. Building second B. Building Two C. the Building Two D. Building the Second
9. Old as he is, he has ___to do every day.
A. a lot of work B. much works
C. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks
10. Jack’s room is furnished with ___.
A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures
C. many new pieces of furnitures D. many new pieces of furniture
11. Have you read ___newspaper yet?
A. today’s B. Today’s
C. the today’s D. your today’s
12. It’s not far, only ___walk from here to our school.
A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes
C. a ten minutes’ D. ten minutes’
13. Last month, he wrote me ___letter.
A. a 1000-word B. 1000 words
C. a 1000-words D. 1000 words’
14. He had a ___sleep yesterday.
A. a good night B. a good-night
C. a good night’s D. good-night’s
15. ___is not a long way to drive.
A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance
C. Three miles’ distance D. A three-mile-distance
16. His isn’t fit for the work. Please get me ___.
A. something else B. somebody else
C. someone else’s D. somebody’s else
17. Do you know how large ___ is?
A. population of China B. Chinese population
C. China population D. China’s population
18. ___ is too much for the boy to carry.
A. The box weight B. The box’s weight
C. The weight of the box D. The box of the weight
19. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest ___ shop?
A. shoes B. shoe
C. shoes’ D. shoe’s
20. What ___ weather we’re having these days!
A. nice B. a nice
C. a bad D. worse
21. They say that the meeting will be ___.
A. of very important B. great importance
C. of great importance D. great important
22. I’m going to call at ___ this evening.
A. Mr Black B. the Blacks
C. Mr Black’s D. Blacks’
23. What Darwin said was an attack on people’s religious ___.
A. belief B. beliefs
C. beliefs D. believs
24. There are some ___waiting for you outside.
A. German B. American
C. grown-up D. Japanese
25. Their factory has developed a kind of ___ to help people walk.
A. machine B. machines
C. a machine D. the machine
26. There’re many ___ in my brother’s album.
A. leafs B. toys
C. books D. stamps
27. Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of ___.
A. tomatoes B. potatos
C. vegetable D. meats
28. Upon hearing what I said, his ___ rose.
A. anger B. angry
C. angrily D. angriness
29. Excuse me, can you change this ___ for me?
A. five-pound note B. five pounds note
C. five-pound notes D. five pounds notes
30. You have to make ___ for your journey
A. preparing B. preparation
C. a preparation D. preparations

四 课堂过手训练：
1. We haven't got much for our picnic. Will you go and get some? (07)
A apple B tomato C bread D biscuit
2.I’ve read_____ sports news about the Fl race today.(05)
A two B pieces C two piece D two pieces of
3. Linda, I've bought many . Now let's make the birthday cake. （03）
A. fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D rice dumplings
4. You can get much ____________ about the World Expo on the Internet. (01)
A) map B) picture C) ticket D) information

5. Come on, children. Help yourselves to some if you like.(07年南通)
A fishes and chicken B fishes and chicken C fish and chicken D fishes and chickens
6.They got much _ on the Interne. (07年天津)
A photo B. ideas C message D. information
7. In the streets there are_________ of different colours and sizes.
A. taxi B. the taxi C. the taxis D. taxis

8. These girls will become________. when they graduate from the medical college.
A. woman doctors B. women's doctors
C. women doctors D. the women doctor's

9. Usually________ are very careful in doing exercises.
A. girl students B. girls students
C. girls' students D. girl's students

10. The waitress brought us_______.
A. glasses of juices B. glasses of juice
C. glass of juices D. glass of juice
五 学生反思总结：

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
No Cross, No crown 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹.