中考英语短文填空题(12选10)解题技巧Alex.doc

中考英语短文填空题（12选10）答题指导
一、短文填空题型说明
短文填空也叫综合填空，其特点是将一篇短文中的若干个词抽出后，要求考生根据短文的意思，在每个空格中填上一个词，使短文意思完整正确。它是测试同学们理解能力及对词汇、语法和习惯用法等的掌握情况的一种形式。这是中考中一个比较难的项目。其原因是考点不明确：凡涉及英文的理解、词汇、语法和习惯用法的都可以考。内容更是包罗万象：天文地理、历史人文、科技发展、旅游广告等。要求同学们在读通、读懂的基础上，填出符合内容和语法的词或词组。凡是课文中学到的词汇和语法都是考试的范围，各种介词、副词和习惯用法也会经常考到。尤其对于长句子，特别要注意其结构，要精确地分析句子成分。在做综合填空时，要养成快速阅读全文的习惯。句子读得越快越长，理解的精度就越高。根据其难度的不同又分为选词填空题、限词填空题和自由填空题。
二、短文填空解题思路
1. 跳过空格，通读短文，了解大意。解题时先跳过空格，通读完形填空的短文，了解全篇的内容和要旨。要重视首句，善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点，理清文脉，推测全文时态、主题及大意。
2. 复读短文，确定语义，判断词形。把握短文大意后再认真复读短文，利用上下文的语境，结合所学过的知识，先确定空格处所需词语的意义，再根据空格在句子中的位置，判断其在句中充当的成分，从而确定所填词的词性，再依据词语搭配和语法规则，判断所填的词的正确形式。
3. 三读短文，上下参照，验证答案。在短文的空白处分别填上一个词后，将完成的短文再细读一遍，上下参照，连贯思考。可从上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章，语法结构是否正确无误等进行综合验证，凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。
三、做短文填空题的注意之处
1. 语义完整、适用是做好填词的前提，要从全文的内容出发，前后上下联系起来考虑，避免“只见树木，不见森林”的错误。
2. 要善于从文中同样结构或类似结构中寻找线索，从中得到提示和启发，帮助确定应填词的词性和词形，这样可避免想当然地随意乱填。
3. 填词时应注意词形，不可简单地都填原形词。若空格内填的是名词，要考虑其单复数形式；若填的是形容词或副词，则要考虑其是否属于比较等级；如若填的是动词，则要特别注意考虑其时态和语态。如在句首，还要考虑其首字母的大写。
4. 有些空格需要填入介词、连词等，除考虑上下文的内容外，还要考虑和其他词的固定搭配及其习惯用法。
5. 选词填空题和限词填空题一般只有一个答案，自由填空题虽然可能允许有多个正确答案，但只能选择其中一个填入，因为完形填空题每个空格只准填写一个单词，多填反而出错。

【答题要诀】
结构形态和语意，英语答题三利器；结构入手觅逻辑，形态暗示更容易，最后一点别忘记，语意通顺才可以。
注释：
1. 抓住文章结构，抓首+跳身+扫尾，弄清文章大意及组织结构。
2. 理清句子结构，语义关系，包括词汇的搭配关系。
3. 注意同现复现法则——词汇同现（复现）+结构同现（复现），近反义词复现或上下义词复现。
4. 注意词的形态，实词富于形态变化，必须以合理的形态出现在句子中。

★附录：《英语词尾变化的规律》
你发现了吗？英语词法的全部内容基本上都是在讲单词的“词尾”变化。比如：
-s / -es ：加在名词的尾部表示名词的复数形式。
-ed ：   加在动词的尾部，构成动词的过去式或V-ed（过去分词）书写形式。
-ing ： 加在动词的尾部，构成动词的V-ing（现在分词或动名词）书写形式。
-er ： 加在形容词、副词的尾部，构成它们的比较级形式。
-est ： 加在形容词、副词的尾部，构成它们的最高级形式。
只要你能记住这些词尾变化规则，你就学会了英语词法。然而英语单词有那么多的词尾，怎么记住它们那么多的变化呢？尤其是怎么记住那么多“特殊情况”的处理办法呢？
快步英语的语法大表里把这些特殊情况的处理办法归纳为5句口诀，只要你记住了这5句口诀，就可以处理各种词尾向题，它们是:
1. e 元去 e、2. y、i 直连、3. y、e 元音直连、4. y、e 辅音改y 、5. 元辅重读双写。
下面举例解释以上5句口诀：
1. e元去e：以不发音的e结尾的单词接元音字母开头的词尾(-ed -ing -er -est)时,要去掉e后再加词尾。如：
live  加-ing 变 living             love  加-ing 变 loving
save  加-ing 变 saving             give  加-ing 变 giving
take  加-ing 变 taking             unite  加 -ed  变 united
safe  加-er 变 safer               write  加 -er  变  writer
bake 加-er 变 baker             late  加-est 变 latest
2. y、i直连：以y结尾的单词连接以i开头的词尾（-ing）时，直接相连。如：
study  加-ing 为 studying            play  加-ing 为 playing
fly  加-ing 为 flying             try   加-ing 为 trying
stay  加-ing 为 staying   delay 加-ing 为 delaying
3. y、e元音直连：以y结尾的单词连接以e开头的词尾时，当y前为元音时,直接相连。如：
play 加-ed 为played       play 加-er 为 player     
stay  加-ed 为stayed       delay 加-ed 为 delayed
4. y、e辅音改y: 以y结尾的单词连接以e开头的词尾时，当y前为辅音时、y改i 。如：
study 加-es 为studies              study 加-ed 为 studied
happy 加-er 为happier             early  加-est 为 earliest
hobby 加-es 为hobbies             fly  加-ed 为 flied
carry 加-ed 为carried              dry  加-ed 为 dried
5. 元辅重读双写：以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾的单词，当结尾重读且后接元音字母开头的词尾时，将单词尾辅音字母双写。比如：
begin为一个元音字母i和一个辅音字母n结尾的单词，而且单词的重音在结尾，加词尾-ing时, 就要把n双写，变成beginning。再比如：
put  加-ing 成putting  sad  加-er 成sadder
fit 加-ed 成fitted fit   加-er 成fitter
sit  加-ing 成sitting              hit  加-er 成hitter
stop  加-ed 成stopped              regret加-ed 成regretted
为什么会有这条规定呢？就是为了不产生太大的发音变形。比如当单词put需要连接词尾-ing时,若直接连成putting,其发音就变成了pu-ting,pu发[pju:]的音,这与put的发音相差太大,容易造成听不懂,为此把t双写,这样单词就发成了put-ting,与put差别不大,就容易听懂了。再比如当单词big需要连接词尾-er 时,若直接将-er连接在big后,其发音就成了bi-ger,bi发[bai］的音,这与big的发音相差太大,不容易听懂,因此就将g双写,其发音就是big-ger,这样就与big的发音相差不大,就容易听懂了。英语词尾变化的特殊情况均是为发音所考虑的,学习者若能细心发音体验,就可以明白其中的道理,并从根本上记住这些繁多的“特殊处理”。

【实战练习】
1
Pass  use  open  close  with   break  help  so  other  another  pleasant  do
    American people like to say “Thank you” whenever others __________ them or say something kind to them. People of many countries do __________, too. It is a very good habit(习惯).
    You should say “thank you” when someone __________ you the salt on the table, when someone walking ahead of you keeps the door ________ for you, when someone says you have _________ your work well, or you have bought a nice thing, or your city is very beautiful. “Thank you” is _________ not only between friends, but also between parents and children, brothers and sisters, husbands and wives. “Excuse me” is _________ short sentence they use. When you hear someone say so behind you, you know that somebody wants to walk past you _______ touching you.
  It’s not polite to ________ others while they are talking. If you want to speak to one of them, say “Excuse me” first, and then begin talking. You should also do so when you want to cough or make any ________ noise before others.
  Let’s all learn to say “Thank you” and “Excuse me”.
2
Snow  rain  become  get   from  lose  write  put   in   care  wet   dry
Once Einstein(爱因斯坦) was waiting for a friend on a bridge. While waiting, he became ___________ in thought (陷入沉思). It began _________. The rain kept on for some time. When Einstein _________ out a piece of paper ________ his pocket  __________ something down, the paper was __________ and then he knew that it was raining. His clothes _________wet from the rain. But after he _________ the paper into his pocket, he again forgot he was standing ________ the rain.
Many scientists are careless about how they live. That is because they are too ________ in their studies.
3
Ask  like  for  cut   soon   have   pass  past  why  meet   if   agree
  A barber( 理发师) was working when a tall man came in with a boy of about ten after him. The barber was _________ to give him a shave(刮脸) and the child a haircut理发)
  After the man had his shave, he told the barber that he would ________ to go down the street _______ a drink while the barber _________ the boy’s hair. The man also promised the boy that he would be back _________.
  It took the barber long to give the boy a haircut. Another half an hour __ and the boy was still kept waiting. In the end the barber asked the boy _________ his father was away so long.
  The small boy told the barber that the man was not his father at all. He said he ____________him in the street and was asked ________ he would like to have a haircut. He ________ and followed the man here for a haircut.
4
Quick  food  much  when  kitchen  so   such  send  bring  still  surprise  many
  Many years ago, an English family were living in China. One evening an important Chinese officer came to visit them. It got later and later, and he _______ didn’t go, so the hostess( 女主人) invited him to have dinner with them. But she had very little _________ in the house, so she ________went to the kitchen and spoke to her Chinese cook. He said, “It is all right. You will have a very good dinner.”
_________ they all sat down to eat, the lady was very __________ because there was ________very good food on the table.
After the dinner, the hostess ran to the ________ and said to the cook, “How do you made ______ a good meal in half an hour?”
“I didn’t make it, madam,” he said, “I ________ one of the servants( 仆人) to the Chinese officer’s house, and he ____ back the Chinese officer’s dinner.”
5
Third  long  arrive  still  now  to   pass  begin   after   something  hour  other
Bob was tired of waiting for his sister’s plane to _________. The plane should have come at half _______ three P.M. and now, seven _________later, Bob was _________ waiting. There had been ________times for him to hear the explanation(解释) why the plane was late from the loudspeaker. _________ the first time, Bob  had ________ to eat. The second time he _________ to walk in the airport( 飞机场) from one end to ________. By the third time hewas tired and hungry. “How  ___ will this go on?” Bob said to himself.
6
Big  call  without  more  little  in   house  out  come  weather  just  window
Before windows were used , old ________ in Europe(欧洲) and Britain were very dark. There great rooms were high _________ only one hole on the roof (房顶) to let the smoke ___from cooking fire. Later, people began to make the holes _________ to have more light and air in their homes.
The first English window was _________ a small opening in the wall. It was cut long to let in as _______ light as possible, and narrow( 狭窄) to keep out the bad _________. But more wind than light would _________ in if the window was cut long. This is why it was _________ “The wind’s eye”. And the word “___________” comes from two ancient(古代的) words for “wind” and “eye”.
7
While  many  know  hear  in   each  empty  both  care  across  before  safe
Every day some people are killed while they are crossing the road. _________ of these people are old people and children. Old people are often killed because they can’t see or ________ very well.
Children are often killed because they are not _________. They forget to look and listen before they ___________ the road.
A car or a bus can’t stop if it is going very fast, it will travel many metres _________it stops. Some people don’t always understand this. They think a car can stop _________ a few metres. It is difficult to _________ how fast a car moving. The only way to cross the roads _________ is to look ________ways right and left. Then if the roads are ________, you can cross them.
8
Good  slow  study  must   strong  play  watch  say  return  mean  need  hard
What is best way to study? This is a very important question. Some students often study very ________ for long hours. This is a ______ habit(习惯), but itis not a better way to study. A good student ________ have enough sleep,   enough food, enough rest. Every day you ________ to take a walk or _________ basketball or table tennis or sing songs.  When you _________ to your studies, you will find yourself ________than before and you’ll learn more.
Perhaps we can ________ that learning English is like taking Chinese medicine. We _________that like Chinese medicine, the effects(效果) of your study come _______ but surely. Learn every day and effects will come just like Chinese medicine.
9
They, careful, be, fact, take, would, other, stand, what , decide
I am eighteen years old this year. I ___1__ a pupil before and now I’m a university student. My mother was my first teacher when I was very little. Then, I had three __2__ teachers in different schools. Now Miss Williams is one of my university teachers.
I have never expected that I will be a teacher one day. I am a shy girl and I am afraid of __3__ before many people. I do not know __4__ to say. But I will be a teacher tomorrow! Tomorrow morning!
I made this __5__ just two weeks ago. Miss Williams, my English teacher, told me there was a teacher job, just for two weeks in this summer. She asked if I __6__ be interested. I wanted to make some money, so I said ”yes” to her . At once I regretted but it was too late to __7__ my word back.
There are about twenty foreign boys and girls in the class. They know very little English. I have__8__ read the book that Williams gave me Four of the lessons are very simple, in __9__ too simple. I do not know what to do with these few simple words and sentences. I will read the lesson to them, and ask them to read after me, and then ask them to read it___10__. That will be about ten minutes. What shall I do next?
10
well , soft, second ,better , may , strongly, afraid, sand , stay up,  if, now, house
( 1 )
We can’t stop an earthquake(地震), but we can do things to make sure they don’t destroy(毁坏) whole cities. First, it is not a 1 .________  idea to build houses along lines where  2. ________ of the earth’s plates(板块) join together. Second, if you think there  3. ________ be an earthquake, it is better to build houses on rocks , not on  4. ________. Third, you must make the houses as  5. ________ as possible. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may  6. ________ .    Scientists are   7. ____  that one day an even bigger earthquake will hit the part around San Francisco(旧金山) . They call it “ The Big One ”. However, people today are still building more   8. ________  . The population in and around San Francisco is  9. ________  ten times more than it was in 1906. This means that  10. ________   there is another earthquake, a great many houses and buildings will be destroyed.
( 2 )
forget, bring，mend，beside，luck，pick，same，differently, I ，every , stop，each
    Mr. Brown had an umbrella shop in a small town. People sometimes 1 ________  him broken umbrellas, and then he took them to a big shop in London. They were  2 ________ there.  One day Mr. Brown went to London by train. He 3 ________  to take an umbrella with him that day. Sitting in front of him was a man with an umbrella standing   4 _______ the seat. When the train arrived in London, Mr. Brown  5 ________  up the umbrella as he often did during his journey by train. Just as he was getting off, he was   6 ________  by the man. He said angrily, “That’s   7________   !” Mr. Brown’ s face turned red and he gave it back to the man at once.   When Mr Brown got to the big shop, the shopkeeper had got his six umbrellas ready. After a good look at   8 ________  of them, he said, “You’ve mended them very well.”
    In the afternoon he got into the train again. The   9 ________  man was in the same seat. He looked at Mr Brown and his six umbrellas, “You’ve had a  10 ________ day,” he said.
not speak, call , idea, and, what, garden, hear , quiet , do ,eat , name, say
( 3 )
A farmer saw an old man growing something on the other side of the river. The farmer  1. ________ out to him, “What are you growing , Grandpa? ”  The old man  2 . ________ for a moment, then said, “Swim over 3.  ________ I’ll tell you  The farmer didn’t like the   4. ________  of swimming across the river. But he wanted to know   5. ________  the old man was doing. He swam over. The old man said very   6. ________  in his ear, “ I’m planting peas in  my  7. ________ .”
“ You should have shouted. I would have  8. ________  quite clearly on that side.” Said the farmer.
“ Oh, no, I wouldn’t  9. ________ that . The sparrows would have heard me and   10. ________ my peas.”
( 4 )
telephone , for, lose, so, strong, clever, somebody, good, happy, outside, everybody, at
     Mrs Andrews had a young cat, and it was the cat’s first winter. One evening it was  1._______when it began to snow heavily. Mrs Andrews looked  2. ____it everywhere and shouted its name, but she did not find it, 3. ________ she telephone the police and said, “ I have 4. ________ a small black cat. Has 5.  ________ found one? ”  “ No，madam, ” said the policeman at the other end, “ But cats are really very 6. ________ animals. They sometimes live for days in the snow, and when it melts (融化) or somebody finds them, they are quite 7. ________  .”
Mrs Andrews felt 8. ________ when she heard this. “ And ,” she said, “ Our cat is very  9. ________. She almost talks. ”  The policeman was getting tired, “Well then, ” he said “ Why don’t you put your 10.________ down? Maybe she is trying to telephone you now.
( 5 )
tell, hear, listen to , guard, drum, much, fly , army,  with, other, way , instruction

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