高中英语语法被动语态详解.doc

被动语态
一、 构成：
1.助动词be+（及物动词的）过去分词。
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语间的关系。英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动词的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
Many people speak English.
English is spoken by many people.
English is not spoken here.
2
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在完成时
am
is + asked
are
was
+ asked
were
shall
be + asked
will
has
been+ asked
have
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去完成时
am
Is being + asked
are
was
being + asked
were

had been + asked

二、 用法
1.不知某事为谁所做：不知道谁是动作的执行者时，要用被动语态。例如：
（1）His watch was stolen yesterday. （2）This car is made in Japan.
2.不必说出动作为谁所做：不必或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如：（1）This novel was written in 1886. （2）A bridge is being built over there.
3．为了强调或突出动作的承受者。例如：
（1）The matter was discussed at the meeting last week.
（2）Wang Lin was elected monitor of the class.
4. It is said that 等结构：在I was told that,It is said that,It is believed that,It is hoped that,It is suggested that 等习惯用语中用被动语态。例如：
（1） I was told that he had been wounded in the war.
（2） It is reported that a new road will be built here.
5.带有情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+be+过去分词。
(1) The book must be returned to the library at once.
(2)The task can be finished in a week.
6.带有不定式的被动语态结构：to be+过去分词。例如：
(1) A new hotel is going to be built here. (2)He didn’t want to be examined.
7.短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可漏掉组成短语的介词或副词。例如：(1) The experiment has been carried out.
(2) The old man is well taken care of.

三、被动语态的疑难问题：
1.主动语态变为被动语态的方法：
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语 例如：
1) She wrote the letter. —— The letter was written by her.
2) He will water the flowers in the afternoon. —— The flowers will be watered ….
(2)主动谓语转换成被动语态：be 动词要按新主语的人称、数作变化，谓语由主动结构变为被动结构。例如：
1) The policeman has caught the thieves.——The thieves have been caught by …
2) The workers are repairing the watches.——The watches are being repaired by...
2.有两种被动语态的动词：英语中有些动词，如：tell, pay, send, give, buy, show, offer, lend, leave, make, hand, throw, teach等，有时可以带两个宾语，一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。在变为被动语态时，通常把间接宾语（即代表人的宾语）变为被动语态的主语，但也可以把直接宾语（即代表人物的宾语）变为被动语态的主语。例如：1) She asked him some questions.
He was asked some questions by her. Some questions were asked him by her.
2) Mother bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat by mother.
A new coat was bought for me by mother.
3.被动语态中的by短语和with短语:用by短语表示动作的执行者，说明具体动作是由某人或某物执行的；用with短语表示做某事所用的工具或手段，或表示某种情况或状态。例如：
1) The letter was written by Henry. The letter was written with a pen.
2) The tiger was killed by a hunter. The tiger was killed with a gun.
4.smell sweet 结构：英语中有些动词，用主动语态形式表示被动语态意义，如连系动词feel, look, taste, smell, sound, prove等；当wash, cut, wear, clean, shut, lock, open, read, cook等用作不及物动词，表示主语的属性时，通常也要用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：1) The flower smells sweet. This dish tastes good.
These books sell very well. The car drives fast.
2) The door won’t shut.这门关不上。（主语的情况、属性，表示“门出问题了”）
The door won’t be shut.这门不用关上。（表示“不用关，不必关”，门无问题）
The sentence reads clearly. The sentence is read clearly.
5.“be+过去分词”结构有时并不是被动语态：某些动词，如等后的过去分词实际上已转化为形容词，作表语，表示状态、情绪等。例如：
1) He was surprised at the news. The book is well written.
2) The road was mended. The road was mended by them.
3) Those books are all sold out. Those books are sold quickly.
6.不能用于被动语态的动词：
(1) 不及物动词：不及物动词不可用于被动语态。比较：
1) (T) The boy slept well last night. (F) The boy was slept well last night.
2) (T) The teacher is listened to carefully. (F) The teacher is listened carefully.
(2) 状态动词：表示状态的动词，如have, lack, fit, hold, become等，不可用于被动语态。另外，enter, join, miss也不用于被动语态。比较：
1) (T) The coat fits her well. (F) She is fit well by the coat.
2) (T) He has a new bike. (F) A new bike is had by him.
(3) 部分短语动词：英语中有大量的短语动词，有些可用于被动语态，有些则不可用于被动语态，需注意区别。比较：
1) The children have been well looked after.
2) They quite agree with him. (F) He wasn’t quite agreed with by them.
8.不可变为被动语态的句子：
(1) myself 等：宾语是反身代词时不可变为被动语态。比较：
(T) She hid herself behind the door. (F) Herself was hid behind the door.
(2) each other 等：宾语是相互代词时不可变为被动语态。比较：
(T) They helped each other. (F) Each other was helped.
(3) live a happy life 等：同源宾语不可变为被动语态。比较：
(T) He dreamed a sweet dream. (F) A sweet dream was dreamed by him.
(4) like swimming 等：宾语是动词不定式或动名词时不可变为被动语态。比较：
1) (T) I hoped to do the job. (F) To do the job is hoped by me.
2) (T) They stopped talking just now. (F) Talking was stopped by them just now.
(5) join the Party 等：组织、团体等名词作宾语时不可变为被动语态。比较：
(T) He joined the army last year. (F) The army was joined by him last year.
(6) shut one’s mouth 等：宾语是主语（人）身上的某一部分或感官时不可变为被动语态。比较：
(T) He raised his hand. (F) Her hand was raised.
(7) weigh 等：weigh（重达）等表示度量的动词，不可用于被动语态。例如：
(T) The box weighs 30 kilogram’s. (F) The box is weighed 30 kilogram’s.

[提示]：
① 有些作宾语的动词不定式可以借用先行词it变为被动语态。比较：
They have decided to go by train tomorrow.
It has been decided by them to go by train tomorrow.
② be动词不可同时作连系动词和助动词。例如：
He is a good teacher and (is) respected by the students.
③ get+ 过去分词 也可以构成被动语态，常指偶然发生的事情，或没有计划、 没有预料到的事情。例如：
He got bitten by a dog yesterday.
How did the vase get broken?

成语补充：
In apple-pie order 井井有条
No cross, no crown 苦尽甘来
Once in a blue moon 千载难逢