英美概况括考前知识点总结.doc

英国概况
1， 英国名称：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
2， 地理位置：Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and the eighth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to the west, and makes up the largest part of the territory of the state known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded by over 1,000[citation needed] smaller islands and islets.

或者回答 British mainland western Europe from Great Britain and Ireland, north-east and many nearby islands，She east by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, up to the North Atlantic off Iceland, Yugoslavia and the European continent, separated only by a strip of water, the English Channel
3, 英国首都：London
4,组成部分：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
5,民族：England Welsh、Scotch、Irish
6, 英国国旗：the Union Flag英国国歌：God Save The Queen 天佑女
7，三次外族入侵：ⅠRoman Conquest； 43AD, the roman empire
ⅡAnglo-Saxon Conquest ；the late 8th century, Scandinavia, created a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England
Ⅲ Norman Conquest ；1066, Normans, William took the English throne, and became William the First
4, 英国主要河流：River Thames泰晤士河 River Severn塞文河
8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament，Cabinet
君主制时间：5th century AD
君主的职能：Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations.
君主现处地位：
皇宫：Buckingham Palace
现代君主：Elizabeth II
9，议会历史：Magna Carta
组成部分：Queen\King ,house of lords , house of commons
如何成为两院的议员：To be house of lords: appointed by the Queen\King
To be house of commons: general election
主要职能：pass the law
10，内阁首脑：Minister
成员：the members of parliament
职能：to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making
11，英国普选
对象：voters and candidates
选举人：
候选人：
成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party
主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party
现任英国的执政党：the labour party
如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons
12，英国经济
工业革命之父：瓦特（James Watt）发明：蒸汽机（steam engine）
13，英国的教育
3个阶段：primary education，secondary education，higher education
2大分支：public education，private education
大学教育中的学位：bachelors degree，doctor degree，master degree
14，英国文学：
1． 英语发展的三个阶段:① Old English(6th—11th):the anglo-saxon language
② Middle English(11th--15th):the combination of English and French
③Modern English(15th—now)
2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf
3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：
诗人：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟).
代表作：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)
4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作
① William Shakespeare:悲剧 Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
喜剧Twelfth Night, The Tempest,
A Midsummer Night’s Dream,
The Taming Of The Shrew
②Christopher Marlowe : The Tragical History of DR Faustu
5.弥尔顿的三部曲：Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes
15，英国媒体
最早的报纸：The Observer
报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(quality press)\tabloid(gutter press)
BBC的含义：The British Broadcasting Corporation
16，英国的节日
圣诞节的含义：to commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ
感恩节的含义：to commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ
美国概况：

1， 名称：the United States of America
2， 地理位置(geographical position)：The country is situated mostly in central North America , and lies between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean , bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.
4，临国(neighboring countries): Canada, Mexico.
5，主要河流(major rivers)The Mississippi River ,the Colorado River ,the Columbia River , the Yukon River ,the Missouri River
6，五大湖(Great Lakes)：Lake Superior ,Lake Michigan ,Lake Huron ,Lake Erie ,Lake Ontario.
7，首都：Washington D.C
8，独立战争（American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence）：
1、双方：It began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America , and ended in a global war between several European great powers.
2、领导者：George Washington.
3、起止时间：Sep 19,1775---Sep 3,1783
9，独立宣言（United States Declaration of Independence）： 1、起草者(drafter)：Thomas Jefferson
2、时间：July 4,1776
3，被通过的时间：4th July,1776
4，主要内容：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

10，美国的政治体制
三权分立：
Legislative Branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states, and is only branch that can make federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. 立法机构所属机构为参议院（the Senate）和众议院（the House of Representative）；
the Executive branch 的所属机构有 president, vice-president, cabinet and 13 departments.
The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.
职能： Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States ; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.
三权分立的核心：checks and balances
联邦条款：Articles of Confederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。1787年美国制订联邦宪法，邦联制随之终止。
美国宪法（Constitution）
制定的会议名称：Constitutional Convention.;
地点：Philadelphia; the president of the Convention was George Washington;
时间：1787.5；
联邦制的含义：A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.
权利法案的含义及内容：《权利法案》：adopted in 1791.content:This consists of 10 very short paragraphs which guaranteed freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an Amendment to the original Constitution.
美国的两大政党名，起源，象征物：美国的两大政党：Democratic Party and Republican Party; the Democratic Party ,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson’s party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is donkey. The Republican Party , which was formed in the 1850s. the symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.
现任总统，现任执政党：Obama\Democratic Party
美国第一任总统：George Washington, elected in 1789-1797,8 years
制宪会议：
时间，May 1787
地点，philadelphia
目的，to formulate United States Constitution
11，美国经济：
20世纪30年代美国经济遇到什么问题，哪一总统采取什么措施解决了这一问题The crazy speculation cause financial crisis triggered the great depression .President Roosevelt’s New Deal known as“one hundred days New Deal”.(on March 9th,1933 to June 16th)
12，美国社会现存的三大宗教：
Protestantism(清教)
Catholicism(天主教)
Judaism（犹太教）
13，文学
Washington Irving:Rip Van Winkle
Thoreau:Walden
Hawthrone :Scarlet Letter
Melvill：Moby Dick
Whitman :Leaves of Grass
Mark Twain:Hucklebery Finn
H.B.stowe:Uncle Tom’s Cabin
美国文学史上杰作，最伟大的小说是哪一部 Moby-Dick written by Herman Melville
14，美国教育
三个阶段：There are three stages in the US education.
They are elementary education ,secondary education and higher education.
两大分支：public education & private education
北美洲建立的第一所大学：Harvard University (1636,Charles River Massachusetts)
建校目的：In the early 17th century, the first English settlers arrived in North America where they exploited their own "Eden" - New England.And there were more than 100 Puritan immigrants who received classical higher education in Oxford and Cambridge University. They established this university in order that their descendants will be able to receive the same education like their in this new homeland.