英语神经外科病例及英汉神经外科词汇.doc

英语神经外科病例及英汉神经外科词汇
Case4: Posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonate
  This newborn female was born at a gestational age of 40 weeks, weighing 3780, to a gravida 2 para 1 mother. Forceps were applied to the fetal head for failure to progress. Apgar scores were 6 and 9. within the 1st day of life, the baby was observed to be listless and lethargic and to have a poor suck. The anterior fontanelle was tense. Seizures developed. Endotracheal intubation and ventilation were required for bradycardia and apneic episodes. The hemogram was normal. A lumbar puncture was performed to rule out central nervous system sepsis, and bloody cerebrospinal fluid was obtained. CT was then performed, and a large PFSDH was observed in addition to moderate ventriculomegaly. A neurosurgical consultation was obtained. The neonate was quadriplegic on a ventilator, making only the occasional respiratory effort.
The neonate was taken urgently to surgery, and a posterior fossa craniectomy was performed. The clot could be removed from the posterior fossa subdural space. The bleeding sites were identified and successfully coagulated. The infant did not require an external ventricular drain nor did she go on to develop progressive hydrocephalus. She began to breathe readily after the posterior fossa decompression and clot evacuationn. She was weaned from the ventilator within 4 days. Subsequent CT showed minimal left cerebellar parenchyma involvement with calcification and volume loss. The ventriculomegaly had resolved completely. At 4 years of aged, the cild walked and talked normally. A right esotropia remained that had persisted since surgery.
新生儿后颅窝硬膜下血肿
一位妊娠两次生育一胎的母亲，在怀孕四十周后生下了一个重3780克的女婴，在胎头娩出不顺利时应用了产钳，Apgar评分为6和9。在生后的第一天，她吮吸较差并且嗜睡，精神萎靡，前囟门张力较高，抓握反射存在，由于心率过缓窒息，不得不应用气管插管通气，血象正常。为了除外小儿中枢系统脓毒症，进行了腰穿检查，可见血性脑脊液，行头CT检查显示患儿后颅窝硬膜下血肿，并且有轻微的脑室扩大，请神经外科会诊。患儿四肢瘫，并且应用呼吸机辅助呼吸。
患儿被快速送到神经外科，实行后颅窝开颅手术，血块被从后颅窝硬膜下清除，出血点被找出并且确切止血。患儿没有放置外引流，也未检出进展性脑水肿。在后颅窝血肿清除，压迫解除后，她恢复呼吸。四天后她脱离了呼吸机。复查CT可见左侧小脑实质小片钙化，体积缩小。脑室回复正常。小孩四岁时，可以正常走路说话，但在外科手术后就出现的内斜视仍然存在。
Case 5
Astrocytoma of frontal lobe
The patient was a 48year-old male who presented with complaints of increasingly severe headaches. Workup at another hospital revealed a lucent left frontal lesion. The biopsy diagnosis was gradeⅢ astrocytoma. He was referred to our hopsital after external radiation therapy was delivered. Neurological exam revealed mild bradykinesia, but was otherwise unremarkable. He was admitted and underwent a left frontal lobectomy, with gross total tumor resection. One month later he underwent stereotactic implantation of brachytherapy catheters. He received 6000 rads to the margin of the tumor cavity. Subsequent scans revealed progressively worsening enhancement, edema, and shift around the tumor cavity. Reoperation was undertaken with resection of all grossly abnormal tissue. Pathologic analysis revealed radiation necrosis and tumor. The patient is alive 5 years later, with no evidence of disease progression.
额叶星形细胞瘤
一男性患者，48岁，自诉进行性剧烈头痛数日，在某医院检查示有左额叶高亮度损害，活组织检查诊断为三级星形细胞瘤，在外院应用放疗后，被送入我院。神经系统检查，表明有轻微的运动过缓，但并不明显。入院后行肿瘤全切及左额叶切除术。一个月后，他接受了立体定向导管穿刺移植治疗，在肿瘤腔的边缘吸收6000拉德进行照射，随后CT扫描显示有进行性的瘤腔扩大，周围水肿，并伴有瘤腔移位，再次手术全切了异常组织，病理分析回报，这些异常组织包括放疗后的坏死组织和肿瘤细胞。患者出院后5年，随访无明显的疾病进行性发展的迹象。
Case 6
Glioblastoma multiforme of frontal lobe
A healthy 9-year- old woman presented with a 3-month history of dysphasia. Computed tomography demonstrated a ringenhancing lesion in the right frontal lobe. She was not immunosuppessed or on steroids. The rim was T2 hypointense and T1 hyperintense. There was a small amount of surrounding edema. Brain abscess was considered in the differential diagnosis, but a tumor was believed more likely, because:⑴ there wase an eccentric area of capsular thickening, ⑵ edema was minimal, and ⑶the clinical caurse was long. At operation, glioblastoma multiforme was encountered. Substances with unpaired electrons exhibit an unusual combination of increased T1signal and decreased T2 signal termed paramagnetism. Methemoglobin, melanin, and gadolinium are familiar paramagnetic substances. In an abscess capsule, paramagnetic changes occur because macrophages release free-radicals that contain unpaired electorns. Although uncommon, clinicians should be aware that paramagnetic rim signal may also be observed in metastasis, primary brain tumors, granulomas like tuberculosis, and in large demyelinating plaques.
额叶多形胶母细胞瘤
一6岁女孩有3个月的言语困难病史，CT检查显示在右侧额叶有一环形增强的损害，她没有免疫抑制也没有应用过类固醇，此损害的边缘在MRI T2像为低信号，T1像为高信号，周围有轻微水肿，此病灶可能为肿瘤，但应除外脑脓肿，考虑肿瘤是因为
（1）有囊性增厚的反常区域
（2）水肿轻微
（3）临床病程长
手术时，看到了多形胶母细胞瘤。带有不成对电子的物质常有T1高信号，T2低信号相结合的特殊表现，这也叫顺磁性。正铁血红蛋白，黑色素，钆是常见的顺磁性的物质。在脓肿囊内，常会有顺磁性的表现，因为巨噬细胞释放放射物质中就包括不成对电子。虽然这不常见，但临床医生们应该意识到，顺磁性的环形信号，可以在转移瘤，脑原发肿瘤，结核性肉芽肿和大的脱髓鞘斑块中出现。
Case 7: glioblastoma multiforme located near motor cortex
History
Patient A.L is a 23-year-old right handed man from Hebei who works as a painter and has had nocturnal seizures for approximately two years. In January the seizures increase in frequency and began to occur during the day. They are associated with turning of the head and shoulders to the right prior to generalization. The patient is confused and fatigued afterwards, but does not have a neurologic deficit. A scan was done in February and this demonstrates an area of nonenhancement in the posterior portion of the superior frontal convolution, with a small contrast enhancing area in the center of the lesion. The latter approximately 3 mm, the former measures approximately 3.5 cm. The scan was repeated recently and it appeared that the lesion had grown slightly. Stereotactic biopsy was recommended. The patient in fact was scheduled for a biopsy in Hebei but they decided to seek another opinion. The patient is presently on Dilantin 100 mg three times per day. Past medical history is noncontributory. Family history and social history are not significant.
Physical Examination
The patient is a well nourished, well developed, thin, pleasant male who appears intellectually intact. Recent memory is intact, general information is good. Cranial nerve examination dalities. Motor examination reveals no drift to distraction, and good strength in upper and lower extremities. There may be some weakness of the wrist extensors on the right, however. Deep tendon reflexes are symmetrical, the patient walks with a normal gait with a normal arm swing.
Radiographic studies
MRI scan shows an approximately 3.5 cm well-demarcated lesion in the posterior aspect of the left superior frontal convolution.
Impression
Probable low/intermediate grade glioma, possibly ganglioglioma or ganglio-neurocytoma. If the lesion is anterior to the motor cortex, resection is recommended. If the lesion is within the motor cortex, a biopsy is recommended.
Hospital course
The patient underwent magnetoencephalography(MEG) to map his primary motor cortex and define its relationship to the tumor. This confirmed the clinical and radiographic impression that the tumor was anterior to the motor strip.
A stereotactic volumetric resection of the lesion was then performed. The volume of the tumor, based on the contrast-enhancing portions on both CT and MRI, as well as from the area of abnormality on T2-weighted MRI, was digitized for computer targeting. A view of the cortical surface after the trephine craniotomy was performed. A strip electrode placed onto the cortical surface in a direction posterion to the edge of the trephine confirmed the location of sensorimotor cortex by phase reveral.
The tumor volume can be superimposed onto the field of view of the operating microscope, to assist the surgeon in defining the margins of the tumor. The lesion was dissected away from the surrounding brain tissue at its inerface and was removed as a single specimen.
The patient’s neurologic function postoperatively was unchanged from his preoperative status.
Pathologic report
The tumor was signed out as glioblastoma multiforme arising as a small focus within a lowgrade astrocytoma. The malignant portion apparently was the contrast-enhancing portion on the preoperative scans. The patient is scheduled to begin external beam radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy.
Case 7
运动区附近的多形胶母细胞瘤
一位来自湖北的右利患者，职业是画家，自诉近两年有夜间癫痫症状。今年一月，癫痫的发病次数增加，并且在白天也时有发生，且常随着转头转肩而发生，每次癫痫发病后，病人意识模糊，但没有神经系统功能缺陷。二月，CT扫描显示额上回后部有一个未增强区域，并且在这个损伤中心有 一个小的对比增强的区域，后者约3mm，前者约3.5cm，最近复查CT，显示病灶有轻度增大，我们建议病人行立体定向活检，事实上在湖北，病人已经被安排做活检，但后来他们决定寻找其他方法，患者现在在应用苯妥英那，每日三次，每次100mg。既往病史，家族史，社交史对此次诊断无特殊帮助。
体格检查：患者是一个营养状态良好，发育正常，体形偏瘦，并且没有智力障碍的快乐男性。近期记忆完整，大体信息都很好。颅神经检查未见异常，所有形式的感觉功能测试都正常，运动功能检查没有异常的倾向，并且上下肢肌力良好，右侧腕部伸肌力量减弱，而深反射对称，病人走路为双臂摆动的正常步态。
放射学检查：MRI显示左侧额上回后部有一边界清楚约3.5cm的病灶。
印象：这可能为低度或中度恶性肿瘤，可能为神经胶质瘤或神经节细胞瘤，如果病灶在运动区前部，应采取切除术，如果病灶在运动区内，应采取活检。
医院治疗过程：对病人应用脑磁波描记术来描绘第一运动区，明确它和肿瘤的关系，这进一步确定了临床和影象学印象，即肿瘤在运动区前面。病灶立体定向测体积切除术被应用。肿瘤的全部，也就是在CT，MRI上被对比增加的部分，同时也是T2像上显示的异常部分，被数字化显示在计算机上。在用环钻进行开颅术后，大脑表面呈现出来，放在大脑表面环钻边缘后方的多层电极，可以通过阶段性反转显影的方法来确定感觉运动区的位置。为了能帮助外科医生确定肿瘤的边界，我们把肿瘤的整体呈现在手术显微镜中。我们在肿瘤周围组织的内表面将肿瘤剥离，并把他做为一个独立的标本取出。病人的神经系统功能和术前相比没有变化。
病理报告：肿瘤被确认为多形胶母细胞瘤为低度恶性的星形细胞瘤，在术前扫描对比增强的部分就是恶性的部分。随后安排病人开始外部射线放疗并辅以化疗。
Case 12：olfactory groove meningioma
A 59-year-old women presented with a 2-year history of progressive dementia. Clinical examination disclosed bilateral anosmia and a concentric contraction of the left visual field with visual acuity reduced 20%. Plain radiographs showed erosion of the cribriform plate, and CT scans demonstrated a large mass lesion suspicious for meningioma. The angiogram showed elevation of the anterior cerebral arteries and pathological staining of the tumor vessels supplied via the ophthalmic arteries. The tumor was appproached through a bifrontal craniotomy and exposed by gentle retraction of the frontal lobes. Piecemeal removal of the highly vascular tumor was accoplished by bipolar coagulation and resection. Both anterior cerebral arteries, the optic nerves, and the optic chiasm were microsurgically freed of tumor. After removal of the dura bordering on the tumor, the thickened crista galli and cribriform plate were removed with the diamond burr. The small skull base defect was closed in two layers with a dural graft and a galeal pericranial flap. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and Ct scans confirmed total tumor removal. One year later, the patient was clinically asymptomatic and recurrence-free.
Case 12
嗅沟脑膜瘤
一患者59岁，有两年的痴呆病史，体格检查显示双侧嗅觉丧失，左侧视野向心性盲，视力减弱到正常时的百分之二十。平片示视神经盘侵蚀，并且CT扫描示有巨大的脑膜瘤侵害，血管造影显示大脑前动脉抬高，又进行了病理染色说明有眼动脉穿过瘤体。我们应用双额入路颅骨牵开器小心暴露额叶，后在双极电凝的辅助下逐渐切除这个血管丰富的肿瘤，与肿瘤相连的大脑前动脉，视神经，视交叉也被剥离出来，去除肿瘤边界的硬脑膜，增厚的鸡冠和视盘也用金刚钻处理，小的颅骨缺损被封闭在硬脑膜和颅骨骨膜帽状腱膜之间。术后的处理并不复杂，CT确定肿瘤已完全切除，一年后，此病人无临床症状，并且也没有复发。
Case 42
Trigeminal neurinoma
This 48-year-old woman was hospitalized in March, 1985, for assessment of disturbance. Neurological examination revealed decreased corneal sensation on the right ride and an awkward tandem gait. A CT scan showed an expanding lesion in the right cerebellopontine angle with a slight supratentorial extension. An enlarged Bernasconis artery was visible on the right carotid angiogram. Vertebral angiography showed elevation of the first segment of the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries on the right side. Surgery was performed via a transpetrosal transtentorial approach in April, 1985, and the tumor was totally removed. The tumor originated from the root of the right trigeminal nerve and was well encapsulated. The pathological diagnosis was a schwannoma without any sign of malignancy. Postoperatively, there was anesthesia on the right side of face without any trophic corneal disorder. Slight right abducens nerve palsy was also noted. At the patient 2-year follow-up examination, the only sequelae still remaining were fifth nerve dificits.
三叉神经瘤
一患者女，48岁，1985年3月由于视力障碍被送入我院，神经系统检查为右侧角膜感觉减退，并且有动作迟缓性交叉步态，CT示右侧桥小脑角有占位损害，并伴有轻微幕上扩展，右侧颈内动脉造影可见Bernasconi动脉扩张，椎动脉造影显示右侧大脑后动脉的第一段和小脑上动脉被抬高。该患于1985年4月行经岩骨小脑幕入路手术切除术，肿瘤被全切，此肿瘤起源于三叉神经根，并被包膜包裹，病理回报为良性神经鞘瘤，术后没有角膜营养障碍，仅有右面部的感觉缺失和轻微的右侧外展神经麻痹。两年后病人复查，唯一的后遗症是第五对颅神经的功能障碍。
Hemifacial spasm caused by a venous angioma
This 53-year-old woman, who had suffered for more than 2 years from muscle twitching on the left side of her face, was admitted to the neurosurgical ward in September 1995. Her symptom initially was confined to the orbicularis oculi muscle; however, 6 months after it appeared, it had spread to involve other muscles innervated by the facial nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging performed after gadolinium injection showed a caput medusae-like enhancement in the left cerebellar hemisphere. In the same area cerebral angiography demonstrated a characteristic venous angioma with drainage into the sigmoid sinus.
Operation. A left retromastoid craniectomy was performed. The offending vessed was identified as the distal portion of the parenchymal segment of the angioma. It was located between the facial and auditory nerves. To avoid the possibility of venous infarcton, the vein was carefully dissected away from the exit zone of the facial nerve. Small pieces of shredded Teflon were placed between the nerve and the vessel.
Postoperative course. The patients spasm completely disappeared 1week after surgery without any neurological deficit.
53岁女性，主诉：左面部肌肉颤动2年余，1995年9月入神经外科病房。症状起初局限于眼轮匝肌，然后6个月后波及面神经支配的其它肌肉。注射gadolinium的磁共振成像显示左小脑半球有海蛇头样强化。在同一部位血管造影显示特征性的静脉血管瘤引流至乙状窦。
手术：行左乳突后颅骨切除。病变血管确定为血管瘤实质的远端部分。位于面神经和听神经之间。为避免静脉性梗死的可能，小心的将静脉从面神经出口处剥离，在神经和血管间放置些小的聚四氟乙烯树脂碎片。
术后病程：患者痉挛症状于术后1周彻底消失，无任何神经功能缺损。
Case81 Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation
A 12-year-old boy was struck by a car while riding his bicycle and was thrown over the hood of the car. He landed 20-25 feet away from the rear of the vehicle. At the scene of the accident, the patient was combative and confused but was able to move and speak purposefully. His radial pulses were palpable and his airway was clear. After initial resuscitation and immobilization efforts, he was transferred to the hospital. Upon arrival at the Emergency Department, the patient had stable vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12. his pupils were equal and reactive. He was still combative and confused but responded to some questions appropriately. Physical examination revealed a deep scalp laceration in the left occipito-parietal region, a forehead hematoma, and a swollen, deformed, and tender left ankle. He hand marked weakness of the right upper and lower extremities and a positive babinskis sign on the right side. The chest and abdomen were assessed as normal. Because of the head iniury, tracheal intubation was performed immediately to secure the airway. A lateral radiograph of the cervical spine revealed an atlanto-occipital dislocation without any anterior or posterior displacement. Among other radiographic studies obtained, only those of the left ankle were significant, demonstrating a fracture of the tibial epiphysis. After a diagnostic peritoneal lavage, which was grossly negative for intraabdominal bleeding, MRI studies of the head and neck were obtained. No incracerebral o