高考英语句子成分分析.doc

Part1英语句子成分
一、词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.

二、句子成分
1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：
¡ The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词)
¡ We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词)
¡ One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five数词)
¡ The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词)
¡ It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式)
¡ Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
¡ 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。

练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：
¡ 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary.
¡ 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor.
¡ 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。

练一练：选出句中谓语的中心词。
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor

3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：
¡ They are workers.(名词)
¡ Two and three is five.(数词)
¡ The story is very interesting.(形容词)
¡ M y job is teaching English.(动名词)
¡ She is at home.(介词短语)
¡ I feel terrible.(形容词)
¡ The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
¡ He is here (副词)
¡ It’s getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill has turned green. (形容词)

Be动词（am，is，are, was, were）
表保持（keep, stay）
系动词 表改变（get， become， turn）
感官动词（feel，sound，seem/look，taste，smell）
练一练：挑出下列句中的表语。
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

4.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如：
¡ He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词)
¡ They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词)
¡ I want three./ Please pass me the first. (数词)
¡ She wants to go home.(不定式)
¡ We enjoy playing football.(动名词)

【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾＋直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：
Han Chen lent some money to Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
Lucy bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾＋间宾)

②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：
Do you mind my opening the window？
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。

注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。
You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物)
Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物)
不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
We are listening to the music.
They are talking to each other.
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词：
We are growing tomatoes. / Tomatoes grow well in our garden.
They left Shanghai yesterday. / They left yesterday.
My mother teaches in this school. / She teaches English.
We are studying. / We study English.
We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine.

练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语。
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。
¡ 有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。我们称为双宾语。
¡ 动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years.
¡ 动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）
He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.
Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me.

练一练：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：
¡ What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容词)
¡ She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a color film.(名词)
¡ There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
¡ This song is better than that one. (代词)
¡ Do you know the young man over there? (副词)
¡ We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
¡ The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)

单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。
如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）
He has something to do. （to do为不定式作后置定语）
说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。
如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。）

练一练：挑出下列句中的定语。
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：
¡ Thank you very much.(副词表示程度)
¡ The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式)
¡ He usually gets up at six.(副词表示时间)
¡ We all work here. (副词表示地点)
¡ I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语表示时间)
¡ He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)
¡ We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)
¡ 【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：
¡ He is old enough to go to school.

练一练：挑出下列句中的状语。
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.

8. 宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：
¡ We elected him monitor. / (名词)
¡ I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm./ We find the story very interestingh. (形容词)
¡ I found her in the room.(介词短语)
¡ Please let him in. / I saw him out with Tom. (副词)
¡ The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)
¡ He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)

练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语补足语。
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.

综合练习
一、写出划线部分的句子成分。
1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.

2. Her garden is the best in our town.

3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old.

4. I like this book very much.

5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.

6. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.

7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.

8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.

9. They are in the classroom.

10. It sounds good.

11. His name is Paul.

12. We always go to school early.

Part2 英语简单句的五大基本句型
一、简单句的五种基本句型 。
 基本句型一：S +Vi（主＋谓）
 基本句型二：S +Lv+ P（主＋系＋表）
 基本句型三：S +Vt+ O（主＋谓＋宾）
 基本句型四：S +V t+IO+ DO（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
 基本句型五：S +Vt+ O C（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

二、句型实例。
句型一：S V（主＋谓） 主语+不及物动词+状语

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
The sun was shining. 
The moon rose.  
We all breathe, eat, and drink. 
Who cares?  管它呢？
What he said does not matter.  他所讲的没有什么关系。
They talked for half an hour.   他们谈了半个小时。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流利。

句型二：S Lv P（主＋谓＋表） 主语+连系动词+表语

此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。
This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。
He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。
Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。
He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。
The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。
His face turned red. 他的脸红了。
句型三：S Vt O（主＋谓＋宾） 主语+及物动词+宾语

此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Who knows the answer?  谁知道答案？
He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。
He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。
They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
He said "Good morning." 他说："早上好！
I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。

句型四：S Vt IO DO（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语

此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny， give , hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, refuse, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing等。 
She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。
He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。
I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。

句型五：S V O C（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 
 常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。
They  appointed  him  manager. 他们任命他当经理。
They  painted  the door  green. 他们把门漆成绿色。
This  set  them  thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
They  found  the house  deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
What  makes  him  think so? 他怎么会这样想？
We  saw  him  out. 我们送他出去。
He  asked  me  to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
I  saw  them  getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。

随堂练习
指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。
①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowds and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦All this will be interesting and good for my health. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change.
1. ( S + V ) _______________
2. ( S + Vt +O ) _____
3. ( S + Lv + P ) ____________________
4. ( S + Vt + IO + DO ) _______________
5. ( S + Vt + O + C ) __________________
巩固和提高练习
一、句子结构分析。
1. His face turned red.

2. He bought you a dictionary.

3. I told him that the bus was late.

4. Everything looks different.

5. He showed me how to run the machine.

6. They talked for half an hour.

7. We saw him out.

8. He is growing tall and strong.

9. He asked me to come back soon.

二、翻译下列句子。
1. 五年前我住在北京。

2. 会议将持续两个小时。

3. 他指出我的作文中的错误。

4. 昨晚我写了一封信。

5. 树叶已经变黄了。

6. 这个报告听起来很有意思。

7. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？

8. 每天早晨，我们都听到他大声朗读英语。