成人高考书面表达的技巧.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,书面表达技巧,主讲,:,陈求柱,书面表达技巧,1.,了解书面表达的答题要求,2.,解读书面表达高频考点,3.,书面表达解题策略,4.,好文章赏析及作用,An Example of Good Writing,5.,了解一点英语修辞,6.,书面表达写作过程演示,了解书面表达的答题要求,按,5,个档次给分,写一篇,100,个单词左右的书面材料。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等,;,提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲、短文等。书面表达的要求是,:,1.,覆盖所有的语言要点,。内容要点可用不同方式表达。对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予分。,2.,应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性,。值得意的是,语法结构或词汇方面虽有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,;,具有较强的语言运用能力,。,点评,:,此点极为重要,现举实例如下,部分为核心部分,:,I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.,句式,:be doing something when.,正在做某事就在这时,.,The car didnt stop but drove off at great speed heading west.,表达法,:drive off heading west,高速向西开去,On the other side,where the playground used to be,，,now stands another new building-our library.,该句含一个由,where,引导的非限定性的定语从句,在此处插入,令人感到自然、得体,其中还使用了表达法,used to be,准确、地道。该句的后半部由一个倒装句组成,在对主语作进一步说明时,使用了破折号,语言既利落,结构又紧凑。,After a short rest,we had great fun singing and dancing,telling jokes or stories.,句式,:have fun(in)doing something The time passed quickly.Before we knew it,we had to say goodbye to the workers.,使用,before,译成,:,还未来得及,.,就,。,My brother was riding with me sitting on the seat behind.,该句使用,with,结构,其结构为,with+,宾语,+,宾语补足语,。该结构的情景描述功能十分突出。此外,behind,一词用作,seat,定语的用法也十分轻巧。,There is sure to be a lot of fun.,在,There is,句式中加入,be sure to,等表达是十分有用的写作技巧,又如,:There happened to be.There seems to be.,3.,上下文的连贯性,即有效地使用语句间的连接成分,全文结构紧凑。,4.,语言的得体性,5.,拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,对交际程度有一定的影响,应予以考 虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。,6.,书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一 个档次。7.,答题的参考时间为,25,分钟。,注意语言评价能力的培养与运用,考生在完成书面表达的过程时,应当有一整套那怕是初步的写作微技能的有效支持。其中最重要的是能够依靠良好的语言评价能力的有效支持。语言评价 能力也称,编校能力,是指考生写作时,同时评价自己的能力。评价大致包括,(1),审题、审图是否准确,;,写作要点是否完整,(2),布局谋篇是否合理,;,文章层次是否清晰,(3),句式是否丰富,;,组句是否正确,(4),行文是否连贯,;,细节是否严谨,(5),表达是否清楚,;,措辞是否得体,解读书面表达高频考点,1.,都具备,Who(,主体,),What(,内容,),Where(,地点,),When(,时间,),Why(,原因,),构成书面表达内容的,5,大要素。,2.,不论通知类、情况介绍类还是情景描述类命 题,题材均为考生所熟悉。,3.,都具备,6,个左右的描述要点。,4.,都要求行文的连贯与流畅,由此带来的是作状语用的副词,(,尤其是时间副词,),、副词短语或副词从句提至句首。,书面表达解题策略,I.,符合书面表达写作要求的具体作法,1.,认真审图,确认全部信息,应包括,:,图中的环境条件 人物位置 人物活动 人物表情 空间结构 图中全部附加文字,(,英文和汉语,)2.,开门见山,(Today we visited a farm.),为该题型写作的典型特点。,3.,大约用,10个句子组成文章,为该题型写作的另一特点。,II.,要有连贯性要素,1.,并列连词代替从属连词的特点是让读者自己去补充所连接的两部分间的逻辑联系,根据两部分的思想内容去推论,从而达到思想表达生动、有力和鲜明的修辞效果。,We were leaving the farm,and every farm worker seemed sorry.It is true he is young,but/and yet he is really good at go.It is true.but.=It is true.and yet.=Indeed.but =Indeed.and yet(,的确,.,然而),2.,并列句的修辞作用在于它把两个或几个平行或对立的相关的思想联系在一起,构成一比较完整的思想,因而它比两个或几个孤立的简单句的思想内容要丰富得多,逻辑关系要清楚得多。恰如其份地使用连词,and,容易收到流畅的效果。连词,and,可以交代连接的 双方的相互关系,如并列关系、先后关系、因果关系等。,(1),and,表因果关系,The teacher came,and class began.Tom is very tired,and really he should go to bed.,(2),连词,and,表先后关系,Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.,and,连接的双方为,met,和,went,既交代了两个动作的先后顺序,又避免了不必要的赘述。,3.,两个以上的简单句合并成一个并列句 ,Tom is ill.He cannot study.He still attends school.,Tom is ill and cannot study,yet he still attends school.He saw the boy in the street.He stopped to speak to him.He gave him a penny.Seeing the boy in the street,he stopped to speak to him and gave him a penny.,III.,汉语中的逗号与在英语中的作用并非一致,英语中句与句之间的联系绝不依靠逗号,而是借助连接词。缺少连接词,句与句之间也就不存在其合理性。老师问了我一个问题,我不会回答。,Wrong:The teacher asked me a question,I couldnt answer it.,Right:The teacher asked me a question,and/but I couldnt answer it.,我没出去,而是呆在家里看书。,I didnt go out;instead,I stayed home and read.,我们捡柴火,他们搭帐篷。,We gathered the wood and they set up the tent.,IV.,使用好过渡性词语,过渡性词语是把在意义上相连贯的句子联接在一起的链条,指出作者思维活动发展的方向。,1.First,Next,Then,Finally.2.thus,therefore,however,in fact,on the,contrary,besides,instead of 3.first,second,and,but,for,or 4.whats more,as a result,what is better still,so far as I know(,据我所知,),例：,He is handsome,clever,and what is better still,very diligent.,V.,了解叙述与叙述文特点,1.,叙述是把人物的经历和事物的发展变化的过程用语言表达出来的一种写作方式。,2.,叙述文一般都是按时间顺序的方法铺陈,通过,动词,和过渡性词语来控制整个事件的进程。,It,grew,dark before seven oclock.Wind and rain now,whipped,the house.John,sen,t his son and daughter upstairs.,3.,句与句之间连接与自然过渡借助作状语用的时间副词、时间副词短语以及时间副词从句提至句首,使得上句的尾部与下句的首部相互呼应,以收到 连贯的效果。以书面表达为例,:,第,1,句,Today we visited.,第,2,句,Early in the morning.,第,4,句,Then the head.,第,6,句,At noon we.,第,7,句,After a short rest.,第,8,句,Before we knew.,VI.,使用丰富而且有把握的句式,(,以书面表达为例,)1.give sb a warm welcome 2.show sb around 3.How glad sb was to do sth!4.have fun(in)doing sth 5.say goodbye to sb,VII.,留意使用名词修饰名词的方法,1.a school gate (,校门,)2.a farm worker (,农工,),了解一点英语修辞,1.,词语的声音要和谐,。避免过多的单音节词或同一音组连在一起,如,:One day a boy came to me and said,2.,用插入成分代替从句,:,Mrs Baynes,Bosinneys aunt(Louisa was her name),was in her kitchen when Jane was announced to come.,3.,激问,心中本无疑而故意设问的修辞方法。激问即寓答于问的设问,目地在于加重语气,表达激动的感情。激问寓答于问,有时甚至可以不用疑问号,而用感叹号。,Who should come in but the man we were talking of?=Only the man we were talking of came in.Who would do such a thing but a fool?Who says we are alone in solving the problem of air pollution?,书面表达写作过程演示,Step 1:,初步构思进行第,1,图与其他图相互关系的比较,包括地点、人物等要素,充分利用图片所给的主要信息,:,文字、地点与地点、地点与人物、人物与人物,抑或其他之间的相互关系。,Step 2:,安排语篇逻辑次序 起草语篇 确定事件的时间特征,(,已知或未知,),确定时态,注意语言形式和句型的选择 进行文字校验 考虑措辞,Step 3:,用铅笔打格,在审题时做标识,(,确定时态、句式尽量用不同的句式、时间状语的位置,表目的的状语用不定式,时间状语适度提前、多用连词,and,、多用贴切的表达法,Step 4:,提笔落字,:i.,开门见山3,段式,结尾以抒发内心活动为特征。,ii.,字迹干净、利落、行文流畅。,iii.,适时、适当表现情感因素,为此,要准备表现情感因素的句式,:(1)How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well.(2)We had great fun singing and dancing,telling jokes or stories.(3)The time passed quickly.Before we knew it,we had to say goodbye to the workers.(4)This made us puzzled.(5)Hope you dont have to wait as long as we did.Good luck.,Step 5:,诵读两遍,:,检查冠词、标点,(,中文的逗号不是英文的逗号英文句与句的连接用连词,),。,英语逗号用法与提升英语作文品质,考生容易忽视或误用的英语写作常识,Dear Dick,How nice to hear from you again.,You want to know what is going on in schools in China?,In short,things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.I dont know about others,but I used to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes,as well,.Now I have more free time.I can,follow my own interests,such as reading books,visiting museums,and taking computer lessons.In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.,Whats more,I can go to bed earlier.,As far as I know,everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.Best wishes,Li Hua,其中含逗号用法的情形,:(1)Dear Dick,(2)In short,(3)I dont know about others,but.(4)I can follow my own interests such as reading books,visiting museums,and taking.,(5)Whats more,(6)As far as I know,(7)Best wishes,启示与结论,:,凡逗号出现的场合和时机无不体现英语的使用习惯或固定的表达方式,也与,为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇,具有较强的语言运用能力,以及实现,上下文的连贯性,即有效地使用语句间的连接成分,全文结构紧凑,语言的得体性,这些重要的考试要求相关。以逗号为主线,研读流畅、精采表达的各种方式,有可能使得写作快速步上新的台阶,从而收到事半功倍的效果。,【,要点,1】,插入语前后须用逗号隔开,He is,I should think,above fifty.,他看上去不止五十岁。,I loved all around me,I believe,for everybody was kind to me.,我爱我周围的人，因为大家都对我很好。,So far as I know,an art exhibition will be held next month.,据我所知,下个月将有一个艺术展。,He is handsome,clever,and what is better still,very diligent.,他英俊、聪明,更棒的是还相当勤奋。,I didnt go out;instead,I stayed home and read.,我没出去,而是呆在家里看书。,【,要点,2】,副词从句和逗号,(1),句首的副词从句用逗号隔开。,If it rains tomorrow,I will not go.,明天下雨的话，我就不去了。,When they met,they used to nod to each other.,他们见面时,会互相点头。,(2),副词从句出现在主句之后,一般不用逗号，但附加的语意强时，就用逗号。,He is loved by all,because he is honest.,他人很诚恳，受到大家的爱戴。,He works hard,so that he may pass.,他很用功，想必能考及格。,(3),短的住所、时间副词从句可不用逗号。,When it rains he stays at home,下雨时他待在家里。,When passing(=When he was passing)he looked in.,他路过时顺便进来坐了一会儿。,插入语,a.It is,after all,due to his negligence.(,毕竟这是由于他的疏忽。,)b.She is,as I have told you before,very fond of collecting stamps.(,你像我以前告诉你的，她很喜欢集邮。,),c.I am,therefore,very careful when crossing the road.(,因此过马路时我非常小心。,)d.They(Mr.and Mrs.White)will be here in Beijing the day after tomorrow.,他们,(,怀特先生和太太,),后天就要到达北京。,e.He is,to be exact,sixteen years old,and is not old enough to join the army.(,确切地说，他才十六岁，还没达到参军的年龄。,)f.The man,it seems,entered the house by the window.,An Example of Good Writing,（好文章赏析）,A letter with American stamps came,to the house,and,it announced the arrival of my uncle.I didnt know I had an uncle.,When Father and Uncle were young,they were always together,and,were one anothers best friend.,When it came time to get married,Uncle refused.He had the ambition of leaving China,and,going to America.Father disagreed with this,and,one night,Uncle was gone.,Everyone asked where he went,and,six years later,the answer came in a letter.He had become an American.My father was very angry.He believed Uncle betrayed(,背叛,)the ancient tradition of staying home,and,taking care of the old.,Altogether,it had been 25 years since Uncle left.,Although it has been so long,the amount of anger Father had only grew.,Among the family,only Father refused to see him.Father said aloud“OnlyAnimals leave their family!”,According to the letter,Uncle was already in China,and,he also brought his family and children along with him.I was worried Father would not see him.,When I was walking along the street with Mother,I asked her what would happen if Father did not see Uncle.,She answered,“Dont worry about that.Your father tries to hide it but he is the most anxious of us all to see your uncle.,Dear Bob,Im so glad to learn that youre coming in September.,Ive found a place for you.,Its a small flat of 25 square metres,with a bedroom,a bathroom and a kitchen.,In the bedroom there is a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.The rent is 500 yuan per month.The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street,which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School,.Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school.,In fact,its only one stop.,Do you think youd like it?,If not,I can try and find another place for you.Just let me know.,Yours,Li Hua,评述：文章生动活泼、自然流畅,;,句型多样,长短相间,错落有致。文章有连贯性、一致性要素。连词,and,的使用，以及；句子开头多使用时间副词、短语或从句，以及连接性词语，使文章一气呵成,.,此外,由无生命的物作主语使得文章的英文味儿十足,.,写作新概念,以有形或无形的三段式写作,以时间为主线指示事件的发展方向,以实义动词顺序描述事件的发展进程,用尽可能多样的句式丰富文章的表现力,用插入语以及后位补述的手段展示文字实力,以情感类文字烘托文章高潮并产生互动,It was 7:15,on,the morning of February 8,2000.I was walking,along,Park Road,towards,the east when an elderly man came,out of,the park,on,the other side of the street.Then I saw a yellow car drive,up,Third Street and make a right turn,into,Park Road.The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road.He fell,with,a cry.,The car didnt stop but drove off,at,great speed heading west.I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864.About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man,to,the nearest hospital.,