医学英语论文中数值及比较句型的应用.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第一节 数值表达方法,第二节 比较句型的用法,第一节 数值表达方法,1 常用的数值表示方法,2 与时间有关的数值,3 表示数值时应注意的事项,1 常用的数值表示方法,1.1 集团数 以整体形式表现出来的数目,a total(series,group)of,例1,In the initial study for measure of MAP,a total of 10,reduced-uterine-perfusion dams and 10,control,dams were used with the following breakdown per experiment,.,1.3 另加数与其余数,the other+,数词+名词，,an additional+,数词+名词，,a further+,数词+名词，,the remaining+,数词+名词。含有冠词，数词置于名词之前。,another+,数词+名词,数词亦置于名词之前。,数词+,others，,数词+,additional+,名词，不含冠词，数词置于形容词或代词之前。,例4,The other 10 patients(83%),had only superficial necrosis despite ALA does up to 75 mg orally and repeated treatments up to 4 times,3,.,例5,An additional 117 patients with,similar characteristics were treated with the same program with the addition of bacillus Calmette-Guerin by scarification,4,.,1.4平均数与中位数,表达平均数可用,average,或,mean，,表达中位数可用,median,一词。,例6,Among the 79 women,followed,mean,age was 22.6 years,;,36 of them,(45.6 percent)were primigravidae,5,.,Average damaged goods,pilotage towage,例7,Patients were followed for,a mean of,9.9 months and required,2.2 photodynamic,therapy treatments,per patient,on average,3,1.5 倍数,倍数常用,times,表示。1倍,once，2,倍,twice；3,倍以上才说,three(four,five,et al.)times。,例8,Endoscopic surveillance studies show the development of adenocarcinoma varies,from 1 case in 16 to 1 case in 41 patients-years of follow-up,or,30 to 169 times greater than,the general population,3,.,1.6 比例,用,ratio,表示，如,ratio of A to B，A to B ratio，A:B ratio，A/B ratio。,例9,However,the,brain-to-body weight ratio,was significantly increased,(21.80.88 versus 17.10.80 S/kg,p,0.01;male IUGR versus male control,respectively,),1,.,1.7 数值的范围,数值上下波动的范围一般用,from to,或,betweenand,表示。,例10,The within-assay coefficients of variation,ranged from 8.5 to 13.6,and the between assay coefficients of,variations,were,between 9.0 and 10.8,6,.,也可将两个数值以“-”连接来表示数值范围,例11,Linear Plots over the time range of,5-30 minutes,indicate that most of the RNA polymerase molecules are able to recycle after termination,7,.,1.8 数量的增减,将介词,by,或,to,与表示“增”、“减”的动词搭配连用表示，介词,by,表示纯增减数，,to,表示增减到什么数目,例,12,This accumulation was,reduced by 40(,11)%,at,a UTP concentration,of 1.0,mM,7,表示数值的增减时，也可不用,by,或,to，,而用数字+,reduction,或,increase,表示。,例13,This represents approximately,a 53%decrease,in the value of the rate constant for promoter clearance at,a UTP concentration,of 1.0 mM relative to the value at 0.05 mM UTP,7,.,例14,Alterations,in renal structure,in the rat,as induced by placental insufficiency,have been noted,as partial uterine artery ligation initiated,at day 17,resulted in,a 30%reduction,in nephron number together with a significant reduction in kidney weight in,2-week-old,growth-restricted offspring,1,.,2 时间2.1一段时间用,for+,数字+时间单位表示，在期间(以内)用,during,或,within+,数字+时间单位表示。,例15,In a separate report Takahashi et al.investigated 27 patients with Dukes,stage B,colon cancer who,underwent,surgery and were followed,for a minimum of 5 years,8,.,例16,All dams were allowed to deliver at term,with birth weight recordedwithin 12 hours,1,.,2.2“在第天”,可用,on(,或,at)+day+,数字表示，如,例17,On day 20 after,tumor cell inoculation mice were killed and liver weights and number of liver metastases were determined,8,.,例18,At day 14 of gestation,rats destined for reduced uterine perfusion were clipped as described below,1,.,2.3一段时间之后可用数字+时间单位+,after+,表示动作的名词表示，也可用数字+时间单位+,later,表示。,例19,Patients were examined with endoscopy and biopsy,ever 1,6,12,and 24 months after,photodynamic therapy.In the photodynamic therapy group,4 h later,up 4 to 6 cm Barretts segment length per patient was then treated,3,.,3 表示数值时应注意的事项,3.1在句子的开头不可用阿拉伯数字，应用英语数词。,例20,Eight-two,Patients were staged by EUS;,61,had T1 and 27,had,T2 cancers,3,.,上面的,Eight-two,不能用,82,代替。,3.2 百分数的正确使用,per cent,percent，,%,5%的病例,5%,of the cases,5%的葡萄糖,5%,glucose,。,3.3 将数值放于括号内,例21,Furthermore tumor growth in organs where blood vessels do not proliferate is limited by the maximal distance oxygen diffusion,(1-2mm),8,.,例22,Marked decreases in fetal size were evident as early as,day 19 of gestation,(2.00.1 versus 2.40.3 g,p,0.05,IUGR versus control,respectively,1,.,3.4 数字之前加用，,例23,Birth weight,was reduced by 12%,in IUGR offspring,compared with control,1,.,例24,Most Solid-state NMR experiments that rely on dipolar coupling interactions are effective,at,(a),distance of 10,A,9,.,3.5“-”连接数字与表示时间的单数名词,例25,Before instrumentation,rats in,8-and 12-week,MAP group,s,were used for,24-hour,determination of sodium excretion and of food and water intake,1,.,第二节 比较句型的用法,1自身对照,2 组间对照,3 注意事项,1 自身对照,表示经过某种处理或一段时间后，某项(些)指标的变化,表示时间,previously,preoperative,after,during,with time，over time,表示变化,become;reach;increase,elevate;decrease,decline,fall,diminish,These data suggest that the HEV could be,more widespread than previously,thought.,这些数据提示,HEV,可能比以前认为的传播范围更广。,The combined use of the three markers,increased,sensitivity to 87%,which,reached,100%in patients with positive,preoperative,levels.,标记物联合应用敏感性达87%，术前阳性者达100%。,However,after,adjustment for observation time,the age at diagnosis decreased minimally,if at all,with each successive generation.,然而，在调整了观察时间之后，诊断年龄下降明显减少。,In addition,levels of plasma cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,apolipoprotein B,and P-selectin,decreased,during,the NCEP-1 and Mediterranean diets.,血脂，低密度脂蛋白，,apoB，P,选择在2组皆降低。,The effect of H/RZ on tuberculosis diminished,over time,(P=0.011),H/RZ,对结核病的效果随时间而减少。,The excess risk for malignant disease,diminished,with time,恶性病发病风险随着时间增加而减少,After excision of,the gene encoding SV40Tag with Cre-recombinase,cells,stopped,growing,DNA synthesis,fell by,90%,and,production of liver-specific mRNAs was,either increased or became newly,detectable.,In addition,the morphology and epithelial cell polarity of the cells,became more,characteristic of differentiated hepatocytes.,方法及结果部分均涉及两组或多组的比较，方法部分常用的标志词为,compare。,2 组间对照,Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to,compare,the incidence of malignant disease in patients with inflammatory myopathy and the general population.,计算标准化发病率比较炎性肌病患者和普通人群恶性病的发病率。,2.1 结果无统计学差异,be similar,did not differ,be not different,had no difference,In sicker hospitalized patients,performance on seven Piagetian tasks of judgment was,similar,to that among children younger than,10 years of age,.,在患病的住院病人，,Piagetian,题目的完成情况与小于10岁的儿童类似.,Patients with Karnofsky scores,greater,than 50,did not perform differently,than,controls,.,Karnofsky,评分高于50的患者与对照组答题正确率与对照组无区别,The level of chimerism,did not differ,between,patients,and,controls,either,in blood or in liver,.,嵌和性的水平无论在外周血还是在肝内，患者和对照均无明显差异。,The nonprecipitated amylase levels(pancreatic and salivary amylase fractions)were,not different,from,those of the controls.,与对照者相比，非沉淀性淀粉酶水平（胰腺的以及唾液淀粉酶成分）无明显差异。,There was no significant difference,between the tuberculosis rates in the H and RZ groups at any time.,在,H,组和,RZ,组的任何时间段的结核病发病率都没有显著差异。,2.2 结果有差异，但不直接说明孰高孰低，而是客观地交待数值，句子中常含有表示转折或比较的词，如,but，however，versus,等。,Male cells were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from one healthy control at a level of 1 male cell per 10(6)female cells,but,were not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with primary biliary cirrhosis.,在一个健康对照者外周血单个核细胞中检测到含,Y-,染色体的细胞，水平为1/10(6)个雌性细胞，但在原发性胆汁性肝硬化女患者的外周血单个核细胞中未检测到。,In all,86.5%of,these polyps were precisely diagnosed by EUS.,However,only,51.7%were,diagnosed by US.EUS,准确诊断胆囊息肉86.5%。,US,诊断率仅51.7%。,The median number of operations was one for women who had stereotactic biopsy,versus,two for women who had diagnostic surgical biopsy.,对于接受立体定位活检的女性病人，手术次数的中位值为1次，但是接受诊断性外科活检病人的手术次数中位值为2次。,Persons in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake had a,relative risk,for coronary heart disease of 0.80(95%CI,0.69 to 0.93),compared with,those in the lowest quintile of intake.,与最低摄入量者相比，摄入水果蔬菜量在五分之一高限部份者冠心病相对危险度为0.80(95%,CI,0.69-0.93)。,相对危险度也用于两组指标的比较,2.3 一(几)组指标高(早)于另一(几)组，常含有more，higher,greater，earlier等副词或形容词，或elevated，increased等分词。,Whole-body MR imaging has a,higher,sensitivity than skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone marrow metastases but a,lower,sensitivity than FDG PET.,对于诊断骨和骨髓转移，全体部,MR,敏感性高于核素扫描，但是低于,FDG PET。,The likelihood of undergoing a single operation was significantly,greater,for women who had stereotactic,rather than,surgical biopsy.,对于接受立体定位活检的女性病人，只需活检1次的可能性明显大于接受诊断性外科活检的病人.,Females who became overweight or obese between 6 and 11 yr of age were,7 times more,likely to develop new asthma symptoms at age 11 or 13(p0.0002).,在6-11,y,超重或肥胖的女性在11,y,或13,y,出现新的哮喘症状的可能性增加7倍(,p=0.0002)。,If the offspring of patients develop the disease,they will tend to do so at an,earlier,age than their parents.,当患者的子女也患病，他们的发病年龄要比他们的父母早。,Twenty-three newly diagnosed celiac patients had,elevated,serum amylase levels(2 SD above the controls).23,名新近诊断为乳糜泻的患者血清淀粉酶水平升高(与对照者相比高2,SD)。,In subjects with COPD R5,rose,from 0.68 0.06 to 0.74 0.07 kPa/L/s after the cold dry air challenge(,p 0.01,)and in the control subjects R5,rose,from 0.34 0.03 to 0.39 0.03 kPa/L/s,(p 0.01),.,COPD,患者激发后,R5,从0.68 0.06 增加到 0.74 0.07,kPa/L/s(p 0.01)，,对照组从034 0.03 增加到 0.39 0.03,kPa/L/s(,p,0.01).,另外，比较句型中常涉及到最高级，含有most，biggest等词。显而易见，这是是指与其他所有的组进行比较所得的结果。,Nucleotide sequence analysis identified 2 strains with 93.4%identity,phylogenetically,most,closely related to the Greece1 isolate.,核酸序列分析证实2株有93.4%的同源性，种遗传性上与希腊种最为相近。,Morbid obesity is the,biggest,independent risk factor for early mortality.,病理性肥胖是早期死亡的最大独立危险因素。,2.一(几)组指标低于另一(几)组，常用含,lower，decrease，decline,等词的句子表达。,The cumulative risk of tuberculosis in the first 2.5 years was significantly,lower,in the H/RZ group than the placebo group,(rate ratio 0.55;95%confidence interval 0.32-0.93;P=0.028)是,H/RZ,组在头2.5年的结核病累积危险明显的比安慰剂组低。,Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancer patients,were significantly decreased,compared with those of the healthy volunteers(p 0.0001,p 0.0001).,肺癌病人的最大平均相对强化率和相对强化平均斜率都明显低于正常人（,p 0.0001,p 0.0001）。,与正常结肠组织相比，在溃疡性结肠炎中，各段的端粒末端转移酶活性明显降低，分别为盲肠152(59-272),p=0.04,横结肠180(129-365),p 0.001,乙状结肠352(114-464),p=0.005,直肠180(70-337),p=0.001。,In ulcerative colitis,there was a marked,decrease,in telomerase activity in the cecum 152(59-272),p=0.04,transverse 180(129-365),p 0.001,sigmoid 352(114-464),p=0.005,and rectum 180(70-337),p=0.001 when compared with normals.,3,注意事项,3.1比较对象要对应,3.2变化表达形式，增强文章的可读性,Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement,of lung cancer patients were significantly decreased,compared with（those,of the）healthy volunteers(p 0.0001,p 0.0001).,肺癌病人的最大平均相对强化率和相对强化平均斜率都明显低于正常人（,p 0.0001,p 0.0001）。,Patients,with Karnofsky scores of 50 or less responded correctly to fewer Piagetian tasks,than controls,(mean SD,1.8 2.6 vs.5.9 1.6;P 0.001).,评分小于等于50的患者,Piagetian,题目正确率小于对照组(平均,SD,1.8 2.6 vs.5.91.6;P 0.001)。,与14-,G,自动核心针或14-,G,真空探针立体定位活检相比较，11-,G,真空探针立体定位活检明显更可能避免外科手术活检(36/47 76.6%,vs.16/42 38.1%,p=0.0005)。,Stereotactic 11-gauge vacuum-assisted,biopsy,as,compared with,14-gauge automated core or 14-gauge vacuum-assisted,biopsy,was significantly more likely to spare a surgical procedure(36/47 76.6%vs.16/42 38.1%,p=0.0005).,Telomerase was higher in,the distal three segments when compared with the cecum,(p=0.005).,与盲肠相比，在远端的三段肠管中端粒末端转移酶活性较高(,p=0.005),3.2变化表达形式，增强文章的可读性,两组并发症,相同,。,初次,功能恢复时间(吻合器血管吻合342天，,sewn 382,天；,P=0.67),和,第二次,时间(吻合器血管吻合513天，,sewn 507,天;,P=0.76),无显著差异,。两组血流特点,相同,。,Complications,in both groups were similar,.The primary patency(stapled,342 days versus sewn,382 days;P=0.67)and secondary patency(stapled,513 days versus sewn,507 days;P=0.76),had no significant differences,.Flow characteristics were,similar between the groups,.Thrombectomies per patient-year were 1.01 for stapled grafts and 1.12 for sewn grafts,(not significant,).,Similar,changes were seen in animals delivered at D135 after repetitive maternal injections beginning at D114.,There were no structural differences,between control and repetitive betamethasone animals when delivery was delayed until D146,indicating that betamethasone induced structural changes were reversible.,